Reason for the Correct Answer:
The therapist would not recommend the monitor if it did not have validity or reliability – that would mean that the monitor does not accurately read heart rate, and that ratings are inconsistent.
The biofeedback monitor gives accurate information about heart rate. This indicates that it accurately measures the construct that it is intended to measure – thus, the monitor has validity.
The biofeedback monitor gives accurate information each time it is used – this suggests that the monitor is reliable. Thus, the monitor has both reliability and validity.
Katie’s therapist recommends this particular biofeedback monitor because it gives consistently accurate information about heart rate over time. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true about the device?
A. The biofeedback monitor has neither validity nor reliability.
B. The biofeedback monitor has reliability, but not validity.
C. The biofeedback monitor has both validity and reliability.
D. The biofeedback monitor has validity, but not reliability.
Positive reinforcement refers to adding a stimulus to increase incidence of a behavior.
Negative reinforcement refers to removing a stimulus to increase incidence of a behavior.
Positive punishment refers to adding a stimulus to decrease incidence of a behavior.
Negative punishment refers to removing a stimulus to decrease incidence of a behavior.
Katie is removing activities (through avoidance) to decrease the amount of panic attacks that she experiences. This is negative punishment.
Before receiving treatment, Katie avoided certain activities that made her anxious so that she could reduce the number of panic attacks she experienced. What operant conditioning term describes this behavior?
A. Negative punishment
B. Negative reinforcement
C. Positive reinforcement
D. Positive punishment
The DSM-5 groups mental illnesses into broad categories of disorders that have similar features to one another.
Panic disorder is labeled as an anxiety disorder.
Somatic symptom disorder involves several somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life (such as pain or fatigue). It is labeled as a somatic symptom and related disorder.
Brief psychotic disorder is a disturbance that involves sudden onset of delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech and is labeled as a schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder.
Post-traumatic stress disorder involves the development of fear-based emotional and behavioral symptoms following a significant trauma or exposure to traumatic events. It is labeled as a trauma and stress-related disorder.
Selective mutism is marked by high social anxiety and is when individuals in social situations do not initiate speech with others. It is labeled as an anxiety disorder.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fifth Edition (DSM-5) separates mental disorders into groups based on whether or not their symptoms have similar characteristics. Which of the following disorders would be classified in the same group as panic disorders?
A. Selective mutism, which is characterized by social anxiety and lack of speech in select social situations
B. Brief psychotic disorder, which is characterized by sudden onset of positive psychiatric symptoms
C. Somatic symptom disorder, which is characterized by onset of several somatic symptoms like pain or fatigue
D. Post-traumatic stress disorder, which is characterized by onset of fear-based emotional or behavioral symptoms
Prevalence is defined as the percentage of a population of individuals that is affected with panic disorder (or any particular disease) at a given time.
Epidemiology is defined as the factors that control the presence or absence of panic disorder (or any particular disease).
Pathophysiology is defined as the functional body changes that accompany panic disorder (or any particular or disease).
Etiology is defined as the cause or causes of panic disorder (or any particular disease); the etiology of panic disorder is currently unknown.
The cause of panic disorders is currently unknown. Which of the following terms is defined as the “cause or causes of a particular disease or disorder?”
A. Epidemiology
B. Etiology
C. Prevalence
D. Pathophysiology
Anxiety symptoms are often culturally specific. As an example, Latin Americans experience a cultural syndrome called “ataques de nervios,” which involve many of the same symptoms as a panic attack. In those countries, those individuals would not be classified as having panic disorder, which would affect the overall rates of the disorder.
Most anxiety disorders are more commonly experienced by females. In this case, the ratio of females to males with panic disorder is 2 to 1.
Some therapists are able to help their clients understand cues or behaviors that may be triggering their panic attacks. In other cases, panic disorders have no apparent cause or trigger.
While individuals experiencing a panic attack feel chest pain and may experience palpitations, there is no evidence to suggest that panic disorder (or panic attacks) causes long term or significant damage to the heart. This is a myth about panic disorder.
Which of the following statements about panic disorder is false?
A. Panic disorder causes significant damage to the heart, because of the intense chest pain and heart palpitations that occur during each attack.
B. Panic disorders can occur for no apparent reason at all, but can sometimes be preceded by specific and measurable cues or triggers.
C. Like several other anxiety disorders, panic disorder affects females more often than males, at a rate of approximately 2 : 1
D. Rates of fears about symptoms of anxiety seem to vary across cultures, which may influence the rate of panic attacks and panic disorder.
