Hydrotherapy and full body immersion
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Hydrotherapy and full body immersion
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Hydrotherapy is a technique used in physiotherapy to aid patients in the recovery of physical trauma. A form of hydrotherapy, called full body immersion, requires the patient to stand or sit in a large tank with a water level topping off at the chest area. A modified version of full body immersion therapy is often used by athletes, in which they perform exercises under water to reduce the amount of tension, pressure, and pain in the affected area. This allows for a faster recovery from the injury.
A new method of full body immersion therapy is under investigation. This new version of the treatment involves the steady reduction of pressure and volume in the tank. To execute this process, a tank of water is filled to the top and has a small hole through which the water can flow out. The top of the tank is open to the atmosphere. The tank is full so the water level is a height D above the hole, and the hole is a height H above the table.
Figure 1. The apparatus of the new immersion technique trial.
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[question] => As the water flows out of the tube, and the water level drops, what will be seen to happen to the water coming out of the hole?
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[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The density of water does not change.
The fluid is pushed out of the tube by the pressure of the water above the hole.
As the water level drops, the pressure caused by the water above the hole gets smaller, which makes the water flow out with smaller speed.
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[each_answer] => A. The water will flow out with less speed since the density of the water will be smaller as the water level reaches the hole
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[each_answer] => B. The water will flow out with less speed since the water level will be closer to the hole
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[each_answer] => C. The water will flow out with less speed since the pressure exerted by the water above the level of the hole will get smaller
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[each_answer] => D. The water will flow out with less speed since more kinetic energy is being turned into potential energy
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[question] => The speed of the water flowing out of the hole is given by which expression?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Use Bernoulli’s equation 
Choose point 1 as the top of the tank, and point 2 as the hole.
The gauge pressure at the top of the water is zero, and the gauge pressure at the location of the hole is zero since they are both exposed to the atmosphere.
Solving Bernoulli’s equation gives 
which gives a speed of 
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. 
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[each_answer] => B. 
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[each_answer] => C. 
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[each_answer] => D. 
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[question] => If while the water was flowing someone were to place an airtight cover over the top of the container, what would they likely see and why?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Placing a seal over the container traps the air inside.
No air can get in or out as the water level drops.
The volume of the space above the water level in the tank increases , but the amount of air remains the same.
The dropping water level will create a partial vacuum and the water will soon stop flowing out of the tank.
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[each_answer] => A. The water would flow more quickly and continue to flow more quickly since the air pressure would be trapped inside the top of the tank
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[each_answer] => B. The water would at first flow the same but soon stop flowing out of the tank since the dropping water level would create a partial vacuum above the water in the tank
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[each_answer] => C. The water would immediately not flow at all out of the tank since there would be no air above the water in the tank
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[each_answer] => D. The water would flow the same as always and at a consistent constant rate since the air pressure will remain constant above the water
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[question] => If the open top tank experiment were repeated, but a liquid of a larger density than water (but the same viscosity of water) were used, what would be seen to happen?
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Think about Bernoulli’s equation 
The gauge pressure at the top and at the hole are both zero.
Since the pressures are zero Bernoulli’s equation reduces to 
The density can be divided out of the equation:
such that the density does not matter, which means it would flow at the same rate as the water. The weight is greater, but the inertia is also greater, and those effect cancel each other out.
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[each_answer] => A. The higher density fluid would flow with greater speed since it has a greater weight
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[each_answer] => B. The higher density fluid would flow with smaller speed since it has a greater inertia
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[each_answer] => C. The higher density fluid would flow with the same speed since it has both a greater weight and a larger inertia
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[each_answer] => D. The higher density fluid would flow with greater speed since the pressure at the location of the hole would be greater.
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[question] => If someone were to take the tank off of the table while the water is flowing out, and drop the entire tank allowing it to free fall downwards, what would be seen to happen to the water flowing out of the hole?
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[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The density of water is constant.
Think about what would happen to the pressure of the water once it is free falling.
Since the freely falling water does not exert any force on the water below it, it is effectively weightless and the water would not flow out of the hole.
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[each_answer] => A. The water would not flow out, since the water above the hole would be effectively weightless by free falling
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[each_answer] => B. The water would continue to flow out the same as before dropping it since the water at the top and at the hole are effected by free fall equally
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[each_answer] => C. The water would flow out faster since the water above the hole is moving faster while free falling
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[each_answer] => D. The water would flow out of the hole only a little less slowly since the density of the water would decrease slightly while free falling
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