Cigarette use in teen populations
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Cigarette use in teen populations
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[post_date] => 2024-12-26 19:32:22
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Smoking causes 1 in 5 deaths annually in the U.S., making tobacco use the leading preventable cause of death. Individuals who choose to smoke put themselves at risk for diseases like cancer, heart disease, stroke, and respiratory illnesses, including emphysema, bronchitis, and chronic airway obstruction. As this information becomes available and public health awareness increases about the dangers of smoking, the annual prevalence of smoking has declined, with the number of smokers decreasing by nearly 50% between 1965 and 2009. Despite the decline in smoking behavior, it is estimated that cigarettes were responsible for more than 1.2 million deaths in 2000.
Research suggests that most smokers begin to experiment with cigarettes in their teens. Every day, approximately 4,000 American teens under the age of 18 try their first cigarette. There are many reasons why children start to smoke, despite the health risks that smoking presents. A health psychologist is interested in learning more about factors that influence smoking behaviors in an attempt to prevent future illness and promote health. She surveys 10,000 children who are under the age of 18, and asks them a variety of questions about their health habits. Percentages from the study related to smoking are found in Table 1.
Table 1
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[question] => The researcher wants to determine the effectiveness of a new type of incentive program for teens who choose not to smoke. Which of the following schedules of reinforcement would be most resistant to extinction?
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[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
A fixed-interval or fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule occurs at predictable times.
A variable-interval or variable-ratio reinforcement schedule occurs at an unpredictable time.
Learning reinforced with a variable ratio, will be most resistant to extinction.
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[each_answer] => A. Variable-ratio
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[each_answer] => B. Variable-interval
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[each_answer] => C. Fixed-interval
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[each_answer] => D. Fixed-ratio
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[1] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => The psychologist decides to evaluate the current literature on smoking cessation programs to find the most effective treatment for her teenage patients. The results from her meta-analysis indicate that the most effective program uses a fixed-interval schedule. Which of the following best describes the program that she will use with her patients to stop their smoking behavior?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
A fixed-interval schedule operates consistently.
A fixed-ratio schedule would mean that each response would result in reinforcement.
A fixed-interval schedule deals with the passage of time. In this case, a gift card every 2 weeks is a reward that is on a fixed-interval schedule.
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Teens in the program will be allowed to smoke every third cigarette they are offered.
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[each_answer] => B. Teens in the program will engage in an activity they enjoy whenever they experience a craving for a cigarette
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[each_answer] => C. Teens in the program will be given a gift every time they decline an offer to smoke a cigarette.
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[each_answer] => D. Teens in the program will receive a gift for every 2 weeks they refrain from smoking.
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[question] => The psychologist examines factors contributing to relapse in smoking cessation programs. She finds that smokers often complain of physical withdrawal symptoms, such as headaches and abdominal pain. According to the study, the act of smoking alleviates those physical withdrawal symptoms. Which of the following terms best describes this relationship?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Consider the target behavior – smoking.
The behavior (smoking) is being reinforced.
In this case the horrible symptoms are a negative thing that gets removed once the behavior (smoking) occurs. This is an example of negative reinforcement.
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[each_answer] => A. Negative punishment
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[each_answer] => B. Negative reinforcement
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[each_answer] => C. Positive punishment
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[each_answer] => D. Positive reinforcement
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => The psychologist finds that teenage smokers associate the behavior of smoking with other activities they find pleasurable, such as drinking coffee or socializing with others. In this context, which of the following is the best classification for the activities of drinking coffee and socializing with others?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
If something is conditioned, it means the individual has learned to associate one stimulus with another.
An unconditioned stimulus or response occurs naturally.
A stimulus is a cue that leads to a response.
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[each_answer] => A. Conditioned stimulus
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[each_answer] => B. Unconditioned response
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[each_answer] => C. Conditioned response
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[each_answer] => D. Unconditioned stimulus
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[question] => Although many teens report that their first experience smoking a cigarette was not enjoyable, over time the act of smoking becomes associated with feeling more relaxed and comfortable afterwards. When this occurs, what is the best way to classify the behavior of smoking?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
If something is conditioned, it means the individual has learned to associate one stimulus with another.
An unconditioned stimulus or response occurs naturally.
A stimulus is a cue that leads to a response, in this case the response is “feeling more relaxed and comfortable afterwards”.
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[each_answer] => A. Unconditioned stimulus
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[each_answer] => B. Conditioned stimulus
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[each_answer] => C. Unconditioned response
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[each_answer] => D. Conditioned response
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