Cocaine addiction in mice
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- Cocaine addiction in mice
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Cocaine addiction in mice
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[post_date] => 2024-12-26 08:35:54
[post_date_gmt] => 2024-12-26 13:35:54
[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Animal models can provide useful insights into the effects of cocaine addiction on the human brain. In such studies, scientists place an injection needle directly into areas of the dopaminergic pathway in a mouse’s brain. The needle is attached to a lever, which releases cocaine into the brain whenever the mouse pushes it. Mice quickly learn that pushing the lever leads to a pleasurable feeling.
A scientist decided to study how two different sets of environmental conditions might affect mice’s addiction to cocaine. One group of cages was very bare—it contained only the lever and minimal food and water. The other group of cages was enriched—it contained sweetened water, plenty of food, and a wheel for the mouse to exercise. In addition, the scientist had half the mice in each cage condition reared in isolation, and the other half reared in a typical family. The scientist first trained the mice to push the lever to receive a cocaine injection and then measured how many milligrams of cocaine the mice self-administered over a two-week period. Table 1 outlines average self-administered doses of cocaine (in milligrams) for each condition.
[post_title] => Cocaine addiction in mice
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[question] => Which of the following best describes the dependent variable (DV) and independent variables (IV) of this study?
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The dependent variable refers to the variable in the study that is expected to change based on the manipulation in the experiment.
Based on how the researcher manipulates the study, he/she expects that the average amount of cocaine that is self-administered over two weeks will change. This is the dependent variable.
An independent variable is something the researcher manipulates.
The researcher manipulates both the environmental conditions of the cage (bare or enriched) and the rearing experience (isolation or family). These are both independent variables.
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[each_answer] => A. DV – mice’s rearing experience and environmental conditions of the cage; IV – average amount of cocaine self-administered over two weeks
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[each_answer] => B. DV – rearing experience of the mice; IV – environmental conditions of the cage and average amount of cocaine self-administered over two weeks
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[each_answer] => C. DV – average amount of cocaine self-administered over two weeks; IV – mice’s rearing experience and environmental conditions of the cage
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[each_answer] => D. DV – average amount of cocaine self-administered over two weeks; IV – mice’s rearing experience and number of times the lever is pressed
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[1] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => What can the researcher conclude about the rearing experience of mice based on the data in the table?
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
To find the effect of rearing experience, compare the left column to the right column
The data reflects that mice raised in isolation always had higher averages than the mice raised in families.
Both numbers in the Isolation column are higher than those in the Family column, indicating that cage environment does not differentially affect cocaine self-administration in each rearing condition
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[each_answer] => A. Mice reared in families tended to self-administer fewer doses of cocaine than mice reared in isolation, but only if they were in an enriched environment.
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[each_answer] => B. Mice reared in families tended to administer higher doses of cocaine than mice reared in isolation, regardless of their current environment.
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[each_answer] => C. Mice reared in isolation tended to self-administer higher doses of cocaine than mice reared in families, regardless of their current environment
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[each_answer] => D. Mice reared in isolation tended to administer higher doses of cocaine than mice reared in families, but only if they were in a bare environment.
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[quiz_unique_key] => 83407773
[question] => What can the researcher conclude about the effect of the cage environment based on the data in the table?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
To find the overall effect of cage environment, compare the means of the top and bottom rows
Within only the group of mice reared in isolation, the difference in self-administered cocaine between cage types is very small compared to the difference within the family-reared mice; therefore, any effect could not be said to occur “especially if mice were reared in isolation”
Mice in bare cages self-administered more cocaine overall than mice in enriched cages
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[each_answer] => A. Overall, enriched cages led to higher self-administered doses of cocaine than bare cages
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[each_answer] => B. Enriched cages led to significantly lower self-administered doses of cocaine than bare cages, especially if the mice were reared in isolation
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[each_answer] => C. The amount of cocaine that mice self-administered did not depend on cage environment
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[each_answer] => D. Overall, bare cages led to higher self-administered doses of cocaine than enriched cages
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[question] => Imagine that the mice who are reared in isolation self-administer cocaine to relieve boredom or discomfort. In this scenario, which of the following motivates their behavior?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Punishment refers to a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again
Reinforcement refers to a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
Positive reinforcement refers to adding a stimulus to increase a behavior.
Negative reinforcement refers to removing a stimulus to increase a behavior.
By pressing the lever, the mice are removing an uncomfortable stimulus, their boredom/discomfort, which increases the likelihood that they will push the lever for cocaine again in the future. Their behavior is motivated by negative reinforcement.
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[each_answer] => A. Negative punishment
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[each_answer] => B. Negative reinforcement
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[each_answer] => C. Positive punishment
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[each_answer] => D. Positive reinforcement
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[quiz_unique_key] => 574431310
[question] => Brian has been addicted to cocaine for 4 years, and has difficulty quitting because his chronic use of the drug has altered the area of his brain that is associated with decision making. As a result, he often makes impulsive choices that result in relapse. Which of the following parts of Brian’s brain is most likely to have changed?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The nucleus accumbens has a significant role in processing rewards and motivation.
The hippocampus has a significant role in regulating emotion.
The hypothalamus has a significant role in hormone regulation
The prefrontal cortex has a significant role in decision making. This area is most likely affected by Brian’s cocaine abuse.
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[each_answer] => A. Hippocampus
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[each_answer] => B. Prefrontal cortex
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[each_answer] => C. Nucleus accumbens
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[each_answer] => D. Hypothalamus
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