Demographic disparities in food resources
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Demographic disparities in food resources
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[ID] => 559652
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[post_date] => 2024-12-27 12:27:45
[post_date_gmt] => 2024-12-27 17:27:45
[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
The lack of reliable or stable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable nutritious food contributes to poor physical and mental status. This food insecurity, at a moderate level, contributes to anxiety and worry, and results in the need to adjust the household budget, often foregoing other basic needs in order to make sure the family is fed. At a severe level, food insecurity results in hunger (going without food for extended period of time), resulting in serious health problems. This is often more prevalent in certain segments of the population due to the lack of money or other resources.
A group of researchers found that more than 2.9 million low-income adults in California experienced periods during the year when they could not afford to put food on the table. Of these 2.9 million adults with food insecurity, almost 900,000 adults experienced episodes of hunger. In order to further study which social groups are impacted the most by food insecurity, the researchers utilized data collected from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS 2003). Between August 2003 and February 2004, 42,044 households were interviewed in CHIS 2003, and the findings on food in security were based on 11,975 interviews of adults living in households with incomes below 200% of the federal poverty level. The survey only interviewed persons living in households with telephones; however, statistical adjustments were made to compensate for non-telephone households.The survey did not interview homeless adults. Respondents reported on their food security over the 12 months prior to the interview. Some detailed results are displayed below.
Figure 1: Prevalence of food insecurity and hunger in California within vulnerable adult demographics below 200% poverty, California, 2003
Source: 2003 California Health Interview Survey *Percentages indicate food insecurity or hunger experienced within each group.
In a separate study on adolescents ages 12-17 (n=1200), researchers looked at the racial distribution of teens who experienced income related food risk (IRFR) and whether teens were overweight or at risk for being overweight.
Figure 2: Reported IRFR, by race/ethnicity and weight status, California teens, 2004. California Teen Eating, Exercise, and Nutrition Survey (CalTEENS).
*IRFR includes teens who reported being hungry in the past 12 months or lived in households that received food stamps or food assistance.
Source: Adapted from G. G. Harrison et al. “More than 2.9 Million Californians Now Food Insecure—One in Three Low-Income, An Increase in Just Two Years” Copyright 2005. UCLA Health Policy Research Brief. California Adolescent Health 2009. California Department of Health Care Services.
[post_title] => Demographic disparities in food resources
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[question] => Another study found that food insecurity is positively associated with anxiety disorders among Californians in 2004. Based on this result and the survey results in Figure 1, which socially vulnerable group is likely to be at greater risk of anxiety disorder?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
According to Figure 1, the social group with the highest percentage of reported food insecurity is undocumented workers.
The new study finds that food insecurity is positively associated with anxiety disorders. That means the higher the food insecurity, the more likely a person will experience anxiety.
Since undocumented workers are the group with the highest percentage of food insecurity, they are likely to be at greater risk for anxiety disorder.
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[answers] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Poor adults
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[each_answer] => B. Households with children
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[each_answer] => C. Undocumented residents
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[each_answer] => D. Older adults
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[1] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => If a follow-up study wanted to investigate the effects of social groupings on food insecurity, and how this food insecurity is associated with the likelihood of anxiety disorder, which of the following regarding this combined research design is correct?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Originally, if only examining the effect of social groupings on food insecurity, social groupings would be the independent variable and food insecurity levels would be the dependent variable.
However, the new model in the follow-up study is: social groupings–>food insecurity–>anxiety disorder.
A mediating variable is a variable that attempts to assess the mechanisms underlying in the relationship between an independent and dependent variable. Therefore, food insecurity as a mediating variable would help clarify the relationship between social groupings and anxiety disorder.
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[each_answer] => A. Food insecurity is the mediating variable.
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[each_answer] => B. Ethnic/social grouping is the dependent variable.
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[each_answer] => C. Anxiety disorder is the independent variable.
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[each_answer] => D. Food insecurity is the dependent variable.
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[2] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 83407773
[question] => Which of the following is supported by the results in Figure 1?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The results in Figure 1 only indicate the percentages of low-income vulnerable groups that reported experiencing food insecurity or hunger.
“Food insecurity” percentage is indicated by the green bars, and the percentage indicates the amount of food insecurity experienced within the given group.
Among all low-income undocumented adults, 44.6% experienced food insecurity.
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[each_answer] => A. Low-income older adults experience the lowest percentages of food insecurity and hunger, compared to all other groups and therefore should not be considered a vulnerable group.
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[each_answer] => B. The big gap in the percentages of food insecurity and hunger experiences among low-income undocumented is because they have more access to resources which contributes to decreasing prolonged hunger.
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[each_answer] => C. Among low-income non-citizen adult residents without a green card (undocumented), 44.6% experienced food insecurity.
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[each_answer] => D. Low-income unemployed adults experience more food insecurity than single-headed households with children.
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[3] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => Food security is a condition related to the ongoing availability of food resources. Some social scientists point out that some segments of society possess more resources than other segments, and thus inequality and social struggles exist. Which of the following concept is the most relevant in describing this phenomenon?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
According to this concept, inequality exists because those in control of a disproportionate share of society’s resources actively defend their advantages.
This theory posits that groups and individuals try to protect their own interests, and struggle over the control of societal resources.
Conflict theory postulates that inequality exists because those in control of a disproportionate share of society’s resources actively defend their advantages and conflicts stem from this inequality.
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Social networks
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[each_answer] => B. Conflict theory
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[each_answer] => C. Symbolic interactionism
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[each_answer] => D. Homophily
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[quiz_unique_key] => 574431310
[question] => According to Figure 2, which of the following is correct?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
IRFR includes teens who reported being hungry in the past 12 months or lived in
households that received food stamps or food assistance.
The left part of the figure shows the percentages of teens by race who reported IRFR in the past 12 months.
of African American teens (32.0%) that reported IRFR in the past 12 months is higher compared to Hispanic teens (20.3%).
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Teens at risk for being overweight were more likely to experience IRFR than teens not at risk for being overweight.
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[each_answer] => B. The percentage of African American teens that reported being hungry in the past 12 months was higher compared to Hispanic teens.
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[each_answer] => C. White teens who experienced IRFR were less likely to be at risk for being overweight compared to teens of other ethnicities.
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[each_answer] => D. Teens from lower income households were more likely to report experiencing hunger than teens from non-lower income households.
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[559652|1] => C
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[559652|3] => C
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