Differential effectiveness of cochlear implants
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- Differential effectiveness of cochlear implants
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Differential effectiveness of cochlear implants
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[post_date] => 2024-12-26 10:58:53
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Individuals who are profoundly hard-of-hearing or deaf can greatly benefit from cochlear implants. These implants process sounds from the environment and stimulate the auditory nerve, therein bypassing the damaged parts of the inner ear. Cochlear implants can either be single-channel (older technology), or multi-channel (newer technology). Single-channel cochlear implants transmit all sound frequencies as a single signal to the inner ear. This stimulates the surviving auditory nerve, and allows individuals to be aware of environmental sounds (such as sirens) and results in improved lip-reading capabilities. Today, nearly 188,000 individuals worldwide have received a cochlear implant, and tremendous benefit has been shown in young recipients (improved language skills for example).
In a study done to test the effectiveness of various cochlear implants in hearing impaired versus controls, one individual received a single channel cochlear implant, one individual received a multi-channel implant and one control each had to detect sounds of varying frequencies. The results are outlined in Table 1.
Table 1.
[post_title] => Differential effectiveness of cochlear implants
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[question] => Individual stereocilia are connected to one another by which structure?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Coiled coils refer to DNA structure.
Kinocilium are long stereocilia.
The tips of stereocilia are linked together via tip links.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Tip link
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[each_answer] => B. Coiled coil
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[each_answer] => C. Islet cells
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[each_answer] => D. Kinocilium
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[1] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => Cochlear implants do not contain which of the following?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The external component of a cochlear implant contains a speech processor (which contains a microphone) and a transmitting coil.
The internal component of a cochlear implant contains a receiver & stimulator, as well as an electrode array.
The electro-tympanic array is not a functional component of cochlear implants.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Receiving coil
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. Electro-tympanic array
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. Electrode array
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[3] => Array
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[each_answer] => D. Microphone
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[2] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 83407773
[question] => Based on the above data, would the ability to detect sounds of 25,000 Hz confer any advantage to individuals with nerve deafness?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Normal individuals are sensitive to sounds between 20 – 20,000 Hz.
Sounds above 20,000 Hz and below 20 Hz are present in the environment.
Since normal individuals cannot detect sounds at 25,000 Hz, the advantages of hearing sounds at that frequency are likely null.
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[each_answer] => A. No, no environmental sound is at 25,000 Hz.
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[each_answer] => B. No, normal individuals cannot detect sounds at 25,000 Hz.
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. Yes, normal individuals can detect sounds at 25,000 Hz.
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[each_answer] => D. Yes, it would provide sensitivity to sounds at 20,000 Hz.
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => If there were a severe lack of potassium in the body, what effect would it have on the audition?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Hair cells depend on potassium channels in order to depolarize and fire an action potential. (Note, this is different than most neurons, which use the opening of sodium channels to depolarize)
The auditory nerve also depends on sodium-potassium channels in order to function normally.
The tympanic membrane would not rupture as a result of hypokalemia, and the hair cells would be unable to fire action potentials – thus, the cortex would receive no auditory input.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. The auditory nerve would continue to function normally.
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. Hair cells would be over stimulated, and thus the cortex would receive too much auditory input.
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. The tympanic membrane would rupture, and thus the cortex would receive no auditory input.
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[each_answer] => D. Hair cells would be unable to fire action potentials and thus the cortex would receive no auditory input.
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[quiz_unique_key] => 4015992898
[question] => Based on the above results, how valid is the conclusion that multi-channel cochlear implants are better than single-channel implants?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Multi-channel cochlear implants are more sensitive to sounds of varying frequencies.
Normal range of hearing is 20 – 20,000 Hz.
Small sample sizes are severe limitations to being able to draw reliable conclusions from a data set, especially in this case.
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[each_answer] => A. The conclusion is valid since it is reflected by the data.
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[each_answer] => B. Since single-channel implants are more sensitive to the sounds of varying frequencies, they are better than multi-channel implants.
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[each_answer] => C. Since the tested frequencies fell outside the normal range of human hearing, reliable conclusions cannot be drawn.
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[each_answer] => D. Since the sample size is so small, reliable conclusions cannot be drawn.
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