Disparities in healthcare access
- Dashboard
- Disparities in healthcare access
Most Recent Score Report
| Questions Correct | Questions Answered | Time Spent | Status | Attempt Date | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Previous Score Reports
| Questions Correct | Questions Answered | Time Spent | Status | Attempt Date | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Disparities in healthcare access
Array
(
[passage] => WP_Post Object
(
[ID] => 559626
[post_author] => 12815
[post_date] => 2024-12-27 08:01:59
[post_date_gmt] => 2024-12-27 13:01:59
[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Research shows that many people face barriers that make it difficult to obtain basic health care services. Access to health care is closely tied to the ability to pay for such care. Therefore, people who are not covered by health plans, are unemployed, or are disabled, have only limited access to health care. According to previous National Healthcare Disparities Reports (NHDR), racial and ethnic minorities and people of low socioeconomic status are among those with health care access problems. In addition, findings from the NHDR showed that health insurance status was the most significant contributing factor to poor quality of care. Uninsured people, for example, were less likely to get recommended care for disease prevention such as cancer screening, flu vaccination, and dental care, or long-term disease management such as diabetes care.
In the most recent NHDR (2013), the variable “uninsurance” was explored. Researchers postulated that prolonged periods of uninsurance can have a particularly serious impact on a person’s health and stability. Some findings based on data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey are presented below. Figure 1 shows the percentage of people under age 65 who were uninsured all year, grouped by income levels. Those who had income that was less than 124% of the poverty line were considered to be in the poor category, 125-199% of the poverty line were considered low income, 200-399% middle income, and over 400% high income.
Figure 1: People under age 65 who were uninsured all year, by income, 2002-2011
Note: The sample sizes for each respective year 2002-2011 were: 33,094, 28,970, 28,990, 28,617, 28,660, 25,819, 27,859, 31,036, 27,508, 29,566. All changes were statistically significant.
To further consider health care disparities among various social and socioeconomic groups, Figure 2 shows the predicted percentages of adults ages 18-64 who were uninsured all year, grouped by race, age, gender, family income, and education.
Figure 2: Predicted percentages of adults ages 18-64 who were uninsured all year, by race, age, gender, family income, and education, 2002-2010
Key: AI/AN=American Indian or Alaska Native; NHOPI=Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander Note: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, pooled 2002-2010 Full Year files. Predicted percentages are predicted marginals from a logistic regression model that includes the covariates race, age, sex, family income, and education. Predicted percentages for multiple race did not meet criteria for data reliability and are not reported.
Data adapted from: Source: Adapted from the Healthcare Disparities Report (NHDR) 2013.
[post_title] => Disparities in healthcare access
[post_excerpt] =>
[post_status] => publish
[comment_status] => closed
[ping_status] => closed
[post_password] =>
[post_name] => disparities-in-healthcare-access
[to_ping] =>
[pinged] =>
[post_modified] => 2024-12-27 08:01:59
[post_modified_gmt] => 2024-12-27 13:01:59
[post_content_filtered] =>
[post_parent] => 0
[guid] => https://medlifemastery.com/?post_type=passage&p=559626
[menu_order] => 0
[post_type] => passage
[post_mime_type] =>
[comment_count] => 0
[filter] => raw
)
[questions] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[quiz_unique_key] => 578908434
[question] => Which of the following concepts best explains how limited health care access is more common further down the social ladder?
[value] => Array
(
[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The higher the social position (wealth, power) the better the ability to access health care.
As wealth and power decrease, so does health care access.
Social gradients in health refers to how inequalities in population health status are related to inequalities in social status.
)
[answers] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[each_answer] => A. Socioeconomic gradients
)
[1] => Array
(
[each_answer] => B. Stigma
)
[2] => Array
(
[each_answer] => C. Social prejudice
)
[3] => Array
(
[each_answer] => D. Class consciousness
)
)
)
[1] => Array
(
[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => Which of the following is true according to the data presented in Figure 2?
[value] => Array
(
[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
For this figure, lower rates are better, indicating more likely to have insurance.
Among Whites, Blacks, and Asians, Blacks have the lowest rates of uninsured.
Among Blacks, Whites, and Asians, Blacks ages 18-64 would have been less likely to be uninsured all year.
)
[answers] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[each_answer] => A. People ages 18-44 would have been less likely than people ages 45-64 to be uninsured all year.
)
[1] => Array
(
[each_answer] => B. The higher the education level, the more likely people ages 18-64 would have been uninsured all year.
)
[2] => Array
(
[each_answer] => C. There does not seem to be a gradient in insurance status when it comes to income levels.
)
[3] => Array
(
[each_answer] => D. Among Blacks, Whites, and Asians, Blacks ages 18-64 would have been less likely to be uninsured all year.
)
)
)
[2] => Array
(
[quiz_unique_key] => 83407773
[question] => According to Figure 1, which of the following is correct?
[value] => Array
(
[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Figure 1 shows “uninsurance”.
Since the variable is “uninsurance”, the lower the percentage rates the better (low percentage means more insured).
The higher the income, the less likely that people under age 65 are uninsured.
The lower the income, the more likely people under age 65 are uninsured.
Since uninsurance rate is related to income levels, we can say that whether someone is insured is likely related to the ability to afford insurance.
)
[answers] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[each_answer] => A. Figure 1 demonstrates that insurance status is likely to be related to the ability to afford such service.
)
[1] => Array
(
[each_answer] => B. Figure 1 demonstrates that insurance status is likely to be related to age.
)
[2] => Array
(
[each_answer] => C. In 2011, middle-income people were more than twice as likely to be insured as high-income people.
)
[3] => Array
(
[each_answer] => D. In 2011, poor and low-income people were more likely to be insured compared with high-income people.
)
)
)
[3] => Array
(
[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => If we argued that uninsurance rates would have an effect on mortality, which of the following study designs would be used?
[value] => Array
(
[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
When examining the effect of uninsurance on mortality, uninsurance would be the explanatory or independent variable.
Since uninsurance rate would possibly explain differences in mortality, mortality would be the outcome or dependent variable.
Uninsurance rate would be the independent variable, and mortality would be the dependent variable. A new dependent variable would be added.
)
[answers] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[each_answer] => A. A new dependent variable would be added.
)
[1] => Array
(
[each_answer] => B. A new independent variable would be added.
)
[2] => Array
(
[each_answer] => C. A new intervening variable would be added.
)
[3] => Array
(
[each_answer] => D. The variables would not change.
)
)
)
[4] => Array
(
[quiz_unique_key] => 574431310
[question] => Researchers want to measure different aspects of health care access. Which of the following is NOT a measure of health care access?
[value] => Array
(
[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Health care access measures can include aspects such as insurance status, primary care availability, outcomes having or not having access, and patient self-assessment of access.
Although income inequality is related to health care access, only measuring the income levels of patients (poor, middle-class, rich) does not help assess whether health care access is good or bad.
Measuring patient income levels by race does not tell us anything about actual health care access.
)
[answers] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[each_answer] => A. Assessments by patients of how easily they can gain access to health care.
)
[1] => Array
(
[each_answer] => B. Measures of income levels of patients, grouped by race.
)
[2] => Array
(
[each_answer] => C. Measures of the presence or absence of specific resources that facilitate health care, such as having health insurance or a usual source of care.
)
[3] => Array
(
[each_answer] => D. Measures of the ultimate outcome of good access to care.
)
)
)
)
[total_question] => 5
[correct_answers] => Array
(
[559626|1] => A
[559626|2] => D
[559626|3] => A
[559626|4] => A
[559626|5] => B
)
[hide_display_feedback_settings] =>
[hide_solutions] =>
)
