Effects of insulin deficiency
- Dashboard
- Effects of insulin deficiency
Most Recent Score Report
| Questions Correct | Questions Answered | Time Spent | Status | Attempt Date | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Previous Score Reports
| Questions Correct | Questions Answered | Time Spent | Status | Attempt Date | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Effects of insulin deficiency
Array
(
[passage] => WP_Post Object
(
[ID] => 559226
[post_author] => 12815
[post_date] => 2024-12-26 19:26:09
[post_date_gmt] => 2024-12-27 00:26:09
[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
One effect of insulin deficiency is increased breakdown and metabolism of fat for energy. In the absence of insulin, hormone-sensitive lipases are strongly activated, resulting in the release of large quantities of fatty acids and glycerol into the circulating blood.
The combination of insulin lack and fatty acid excess in liver cells result in increasingly active transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria. In the mitochondria, beta-oxidation of fatty acids produces a substantial volume of acetyl-CoA, which is condensed to form acetoacetic acid before being released into the circulating blood.
Typically, the excess acetoacetic acid is converted back to acetyl-CoA by peripheral cells to be used as a source of energy, but insulin deficiency depresses the peripheral utilization of acetyl-CoA. Thus, acetoacetic acid levels simultaneously are increased and under utilized. If insulin lack persists, acetoacetic acid levels may reach dangerous concentrations in the body.
Acetoacetic acid can be converted into beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetone; together, these three substances are known collectively as ketone bodies. In severe diabetes, build up of ketone bodies can result in the potentially fatal condition, diabetic ketoacidosis.
Figure 1 demonstrates the effects of insulin lack on the concentrations of blood glucose, circulating fatty acids, and acetoacetic acid.
Figure 1
[post_title] => Effects of insulin deficiency
[post_excerpt] =>
[post_status] => publish
[comment_status] => closed
[ping_status] => closed
[post_password] =>
[post_name] => effects-of-insulin-deficiency
[to_ping] =>
[pinged] =>
[post_modified] => 2024-12-26 19:26:09
[post_modified_gmt] => 2024-12-27 00:26:09
[post_content_filtered] =>
[post_parent] => 0
[guid] => https://medlifemastery.com/?post_type=passage&p=559226
[menu_order] => 0
[post_type] => passage
[post_mime_type] =>
[comment_count] => 0
[filter] => raw
)
[questions] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[quiz_unique_key] => 578908434
[question] => According to the information in the passage and figure 1, removal of the pancreas probably occurred between which days?
[value] => Array
(
[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Without the pancreas’ supply of insulin, blood glucose is elevated.
According to the passage, insulin lack is demonstrated by an increase in both serum free fatty acid and acetoacetic acid.
Right before day 1 (between day 0 and day 1), a vertical break appears in all three lines of the graph. This demonstrates the effect of pancreas removal (and subsequent insulin lack) on blood glucose, serum free fatty acids, and circulating acetoacetic acid.
)
[answers] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[each_answer] => A. Between day 0 and day 1
)
[1] => Array
(
[each_answer] => B. Between day 1 and day 2
)
[2] => Array
(
[each_answer] => C. Between day 2 and day 3
)
[3] => Array
(
[each_answer] => D. Between day 3 and day 4
)
)
)
[1] => Array
(
[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => What type of hormone is insulin?
[value] => Array
(
[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Insulin is composed of many amino acids chained together.
The receptors of peptide hormones are typically located in/on cell surfaces.
Insulin is a peptide hormone whose receptor is located on the outside of cells. Peptide hormone’s action tends to be quicker in onset compared to steroids.
)
[answers] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[each_answer] => A. Neurotransmitter
)
[1] => Array
(
[each_answer] => B. Peptide
)
[2] => Array
(
[each_answer] => C. Catecholamine
)
[3] => Array
(
[each_answer] => D. Steroid
)
)
)
[2] => Array
(
[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => Based on the information provided, what metabolic condition would result from persistent lack of insulin?
[value] => Array
(
[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The graph shows an increase in acetoacetic acid with prolonged insulin lack.
The passage describes acetoacetic acid as a ketone body
With prolonged insulin lack, ketone bodies are likely to increase to dangerous levels and might potentially lead to the dangerous condition, diabetic ketoacidosis.
)
[answers] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[each_answer] => A. Low circulating free fatty acids
)
[1] => Array
(
[each_answer] => B. Decreased metabolism of fat
)
[2] => Array
(
[each_answer] => C. Hypoglycemia
)
[3] => Array
(
[each_answer] => D. Build up of ketone bodies
)
)
)
[3] => Array
(
[quiz_unique_key] => 2377279144
[question] => Why would excessive exercise worsen symptoms related to excess ketone bodies?
[value] => Array
(
[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Excessive exercise can lead to insufficient oxygen supplies for cellular respiration.
The by-product of anaerobic respiration is lactic acid.
Increased lactic acid production can compound the harmful effects of acid build up, which accompanies ketone build up.
)
[answers] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[each_answer] => A. Excessive exercise leads to thirst, and increased hydration complicates ketone build up.
)
[1] => Array
(
[each_answer] => B. Ketone build up causes muscles to shrink, making excessive exercise dangerous.
)
[2] => Array
(
[each_answer] => C. Ketone build up is associated with increased blood acidity and anaerobic respiration during exercise might compound this issue.
)
[3] => Array
(
[each_answer] => D. Exercise causes the body to breakdown ketones too quickly.
)
)
)
[4] => Array
(
[quiz_unique_key] => 83407773
[question] => Which of the following signaling components are shared by the nervous and endocrine systems?
[value] => Array
(
[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The release of hormones is not characterized by a subsequent latency period
The unique cells of the nervous system allow for signal propagation by saltatory conduction.
Both the endocrine and nervous systems are signaling systems employed by the body in the maintenance of homeostasis, they both utilize the hypothalamus as a basis of signal propagation.
)
[answers] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[each_answer] => A. Cell type responsible for signal initiation
)
[1] => Array
(
[each_answer] => B. Latent period immediately following signal release
)
[2] => Array
(
[each_answer] => C. Mechanism of signal propagation
)
[3] => Array
(
[each_answer] => D. Use of the hypothalamus
)
)
)
)
[total_question] => 5
[correct_answers] => Array
(
[559226|1] => A
[559226|2] => B
[559226|3] => D
[559226|4] => C
[559226|5] => D
)
[hide_display_feedback_settings] =>
[hide_solutions] =>
)
[post_title] => Effects of insulin deficiency
[post_excerpt] =>
[post_status] => publish
[comment_status] => closed
[ping_status] => closed
[post_password] =>
[post_name] => effects-of-insulin-deficiency
[to_ping] =>
[pinged] =>
[post_modified] => 2024-12-26 19:26:09
[post_modified_gmt] => 2024-12-27 00:26:09
[post_content_filtered] =>
[post_parent] => 0
[guid] => https://medlifemastery.com/?post_type=passage&p=559226
[menu_order] => 0
[post_type] => passage
[post_mime_type] =>
[comment_count] => 0
[filter] => raw
)
[questions] => Array
(
[0] => Array
(
[quiz_unique_key] => 578908434
[question] =>