Embodied cognition, hockey, does expertise impact text under...
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Embodied cognition, hockey, does expertise impact text under...
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[ID] => 559706
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[post_date] => 2025-01-01 07:30:49
[post_date_gmt] => 2025-01-01 12:30:49
[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
An underlying belief in the theory of embodied cognition is that the understanding of cognition must include the interaction of the environment with the body. Proponents argue that human cognition evolved from primary sensorimotor processing and this necessitates understanding cognitive mechanisms as an interaction between the mind and body. An example of embodied cognition can be seen in mental imagery. There is strong evidence in favor of the visual imagery of an action conflicting with the performance of that action, such as visualizing an ‘X’ while writing an ’O’. Memory is also believed to be embodied. Proponents of theories of embodied cognition view memory as a representation of the event or object, linked to the sensorimotor information, which defines the possibilities of that event or object.
To test whether sensorimotor experience aids decision making, researchers asked professional hockey players and people unfamiliar with hockey to read aloud either sentences that described hockey-specific situations or situations encountered in a normal day. An example of a hockey specific situation was reading the sentence “the player knocked over the net” and a picture of a hockey net tipped over (match) or right side up (mismatch) was displayed. An example of a situation encountered in a normal day was “an umbrella was put into the closet”, with a closed (match) or open (mismatch) umbrella pictured. The subject pressed a button to indicate the sentence had been read; a fixation point was shown for 500 msec before a picture was displayed. The time was recorded between the picture presentation and the response of match or mismatch. Figure 1 shows the data from this experiment.
Figure 1: The mean accuracy for matched and mismatched sentence/picture combinations for expert hockey players and people unfamiliar with hockey. Results for both hockey and nonhockey related scenarios are displayed.
Adapted from: Holt, L. E., & Beilock, S. L. (2006). Expertise and its embodiment: Examining the impact of sensorimotor skill expertise on the representation of action-related text. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 13(4), 694-701.
[post_title] => Embodied cognition, hockey, does expertise impact text understanding?
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[question] => Which conclusion do the results shown in Figure 1 support?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The novice subjects were slightly less accurate for mismatched nonhockey related scenarios.
Expert hockey players responded more accurately during the matched hockey related scenarios than novice subjects.
Both groups responded very accurately to all scenarios; however, the sensorimotor experience may have helped the expert hockey players respond more accurately on matched hockey scenarios.
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[each_answer] => A. Both groups responded more accurately for the matched nonhockey than matched hockey related scenarios, but only the expert hockey players were able to respond accurately when given mismatched hockey related scenarios.
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[each_answer] => B. The novice and expert subjects were equally accurate in the mismatched hockey scenarios.
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. Both groups responded very accurately to all scenarios; however, the sensorimotor experience may have helped the expert hockey players respond more accurately on matched hockey scenarios.
)
[3] => Array
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[each_answer] => D. The novice group responded more accurately for the mismatched nonhockey related scenarios; however, both groups were able to respond accurately for matched hockey related scenarios.
)
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[1] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => How does the theory of embodied cognition assert expertise aids the hockey players in the matching hockey scenario of the judgment task described in Figure 1?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Semantic knowledge is concept based general knowledge about the environment.
Conceptual knowledge is knowledge about static facts within a certain domain of knowledge.
Strategic knowledge is a set of rules or steps that explain a formula for analysis.
Embodied cognition is viewed as dynamic, real-time, and a relational analysis between the body, the brain, and the environment.
Expert hockey players’ sensorimotor knowledge of the items increased the number of responses that are accurate.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Expert hockey players use their conceptual knowledge to make more accurate judgments than novice subjects do.
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. Expert hockey players’ strategic knowledge of the hockey scenarios increased the number of responses that are accurate.
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. Expert hockey players have increased flexibility due to their prior semantic knowledge.
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[3] => Array
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[each_answer] => D. Expert hockey players’ sensorimotor knowledge of the items increased the number of responses that are accurate.
)
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[2] => Array
(
[quiz_unique_key] => 83407773
[question] => Why did the researcher show the umbrella in both open and closed configurations?
[value] => Array
(
[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
While being an expert causes greater flexibility, this is usually limited to novel occurrences within the domain of expertise.
The expert hockey players performed less accurately on the matched nonhockey scenarios than nonhockey players.
There is no evidence to show that understanding of hockey had any impact on the ability to choose the correct configuration for the umbrella.
The closed umbrella better fits the possible representation associated with experiences of umbrellas in closets.
The researcher wanted to test the extent that representation of the umbrella depended on possible sensorimotor actions.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. The researcher wanted to test whether the representation of the umbrella was facilitated by being an expert hockey player.
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. The researcher wanted to show that being a nonhockey player facilitated the response to matched pictures.
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. The researcher wanted to test the extent that representation of the umbrella depended on possible sensorimotor actions.
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[each_answer] => D. The researcher wanted to show that being a hockey player allowed the respondent to respond with quicker, more accurate answers than the nonhockey players.
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => How does the model for embodied cognition differ from the information-processing model?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The information-processing model and embodied cognition models are different in many ways.
The information-processing model views cognition as passively retrieved from the environment.
Embodied cognition views cognition as actively constructed from the sensorimotor representation of the action, past experiences, and the interaction with the environment.
The information-processing model is often characterized by a metaphor of mind like a computer; however, the embodied cognition model views cognition as a product of represented actions, environment, and past experience.
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[each_answer] => A. The information-processing model is often characterized by a metaphor of mind like a computer; however, the embodied cognition model views cognition as a product of represented actions, environment, and past experience.
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. Both models are characterized by a metaphor of mind like a computer, rule based and logic driven; however, the embodied cognition model views cognition as passive and problem solving as being based on the computation of inputs and outputs.
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[each_answer] => C. They are essentially the same.
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[each_answer] => D. The embodied cognition model is characterized by a metaphor of mind like a computer; however, the information-processing model views cognition as a product of represented actions, environment, and past experience.
)
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[4] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 574431310
[question] => Which of these statements may account for the difference in expert hockey players’ accuracy between matched and mismatched picture/sentence scenarios?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Playing hockey is a cognitive task.
Hockey players did show a difference between matched and mismatched scenarios.
Both matched and mismatched scenarios were related to hockey. They only differed in the orientation of the object presented in the picture (i.e. goal upright vs. knocked over).
The mismatched scenario conflicted with the embodied representation that the hockey player simulated.
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[each_answer] => A. The matched scenarios were more difficult to fit into past embodied representations.
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. The mismatched scenario conflicted with the embodied representation that the hockey player simulated.
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. Hockey players did not show a difference between matched and mismatched scenarios.
)
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[each_answer] => D. Hockey players have less experience with doing cognitive tasks than with playing hockey.
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[559706|3] => C
[559706|4] => A
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