Gender differences in symptoms of major depressive disorder
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- Gender differences in symptoms of major depressive disorder
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Gender differences in symptoms of major depressive disorder
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects approximately 7% of the population and involves the experience of one or more major depressive episodes. Major depressive episodes last for a minimum of two weeks, and are characterized by depressed mood, trouble eating and sleeping, feelings of guilt, decreased energy and concentration, and thoughts about death. Women are diagnosed with MDD more often than men (at a rate of approximately 2:1) and may also experience symptoms at different rates than men. The present study seeks to examine rates of specific symptoms of major depressive disorder and determine whether these rates differ significantly by gender.
Two hundred individuals with a DSM \[5\] diagnosis of MDD are enrolled in the investigational study. The sample includes 100 males and 100 females ranging in age from 18-30, with a mean age of 26.4. All of the patients complete a self-report inventory of MDD symptoms. The inventory asks patients to disclose whether or not they are currently experiencing depressed mood, irritability, anhedonia, weight loss, weight gain, insomnia, hypersomnia, fatigue, feeling worthless, guilt, and/or suicidal ideation. The data is analyzed to estimate differences between women and men on each symptom; the results of this analysis are found in Figure 1.
Figure 1
[post_title] => Gender differences in symptoms of major depressive disorder
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[question] => One of the depressive symptoms assessed in study was anhedonia. Which of the following statements accurately defines anhedonia?
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[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
“Impairment of ability to communicate” describes aphasia.
“Profound unease or dissatisfaction” describes dysphoria.
“Excessive worry about illness” describes hypochondriasis.
“Lack of pleasure in activities” is a key feature of major depressive disorder and accurately defines anhedonia.
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[each_answer] => A. Lack of pleasure in activities
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[question] => In this study, the difference between rates of fatigue between men and women were statistically significant at a 0.05 level. What does this mean?
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[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Differences in one specific study do not always match a larger population; this statement is too extreme.
Statistical significance means that a difference is true, but does not necessarily mean that the difference is important. A finding can be “highly significant” and not be “highly important.”
Statistical significance levels refer to how likely a result is due to chance. The most common cut-off or level to determine if something is true is .95, which means that the finding has a 95% chance of being true, or a 5 percent chance of not being true.
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[each_answer] => A. There is a 95% chance that rates of fatigue reported by men and women really are different.
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[each_answer] => B. There is a 5% chance that rates of fatigue reported by men and women really are different.
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[each_answer] => C. The differences in rates of fatigue reported by men and women are important.
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[each_answer] => D. The differences in rates of fatigue reported by men and women exactly match a larger population.
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[question] => Based on the data, which cognitive symptom of depression do women experience at a significantly higher rate than men?
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[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Cognitive symptoms of depression are typically associated with distorted or maladaptive thought patterns.
Fatigue is a physical or somatic symptom of depression.
Rates of irritability and guilt were not significantly different in this study.
Suicidal ideation (or thoughts/preoccupation with suicide) is a statistically significant, cognitive symptom of depression in this study.
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[each_answer] => A. Guilt
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[each_answer] => B. Fatigue
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[each_answer] => C. Irritability
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[each_answer] => D. Suicidal ideation
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[question] => Which of the following symptoms assessed in the study is an overt symptom?
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[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Overt symptoms can be directly observed and quantified.
Covert symptoms are hidden and cannot be directly observed.
Cognitive or mood-related symptoms like suicidal ideation, feelings of worthlessness, or depressed mood cannot be directly observed, and are covert.
Weight loss is the only symptom listed that can be observed and quantified – a person can be weighed and significant weight loss is easily seen by other individuals.
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[each_answer] => A. Feeling worthless
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[each_answer] => B. Suicidal ideation
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[each_answer] => C. Weight loss
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[each_answer] => D. Depressed mood
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[question] => Which symptom of major depressive disorder is most likely to be associated with involuntary hospitalization?
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[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Involuntary hospitalization refers to when a patient is admitted to a hospital without the patient’s consent.
Involuntary hospitalization occurs when a patient is a significant danger to themselves or others.
The symptom must pose a significant, direct threat to the person’s life to result in involuntary hospitalization.
Of the symptoms listed, suicidal ideation (or preoccupation with suicide) is the most life-threatening. Individuals experiencing suicidal ideation may form a plan to commit suicide or attempt suicide, which would result in immediate involuntary hospitalization.
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[each_answer] => A. Suicidal ideation
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[each_answer] => C. Insomnia
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[each_answer] => D. Weight loss
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