Gestalt principles and ratings of physical attractiveness
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Gestalt principles and ratings of physical attractiveness
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[post_date] => 2024-12-26 08:38:52
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Our ability to perceive the world around us is based on the fact that we are constantly making inferences about the various stimuli that we are exposed to. These inferences allow us to notice meaningful patterns and pay attention to novel stimuli in order to enhance our mental representations of the world. Gestalt psychology is one school of thought that seeks to understand perceptual organization, and operates from the viewpoint that human beings perceive phenomenon as whole, grouped parts, rather than perceiving individual features. Gestalt theory, when applied to perceptions of physical facial attractiveness, would suggest that ratings of the attractiveness of a person’s face would be based on an evaluation of the grouped, collective features of the whole face, rather than on distinct evaluations of specific parts of their face (like their nose shape, eye color, or lips). From this perspective a person with symmetrical facial traits might be evaluated as more attractive than someone with asymmetrical traits, because their face, when evaluated as a whole, appears to be more proportional and similar.
A researcher is interested in finding out how perceptions of facial symmetry influence ratings of attractiveness. She alters a photo of a man and woman to create two images - one depicts their faces as having high symmetrical features, while the other depicts their faces as having low symmetrical features. She shows the pictures to 400 undergraduates and asks them to rate the attractiveness of the individuals in the photos on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 indicating that the faces are not attractive and 10 indicating that faces are highly attractive. Table 1 outlines the mean attractiveness ratings for the images.
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[question] => Which of the following accurately describes the Gestalt Law of Continuity?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
We are able to inherently notice lines in the world around us.
Lines that are the most continuous are noticed by the brain more readily than discontinuous lines.
Objects following a smooth path are seen as a single “line” while those following a discontinuous path are not regarded as being part of a line.
The law of continuity states that lines are seen as following the smoothest path.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Lines are subjective mental constructs that serve no real world purpose.
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[each_answer] => B. Lines following the roughest path are naturally recognized.
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[each_answer] => C. Lines are seen as following the most discontinuous path.
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[each_answer] => D. Lines are seen as following the smoothest path.
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[1] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => Which of the following is an example of bottom-up processing?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Top-down processing relies on our background knowledge, learning & expectations to influence what is perceived. In other words, it’s theory driven, knowledge driven, and context driven. Behavior is influenced by conceptual data.
Bottom up processing relies on the stimulus to influence what we perceive – in other words, its data driven & perception directs cognition
Since seeing a novel object for the first time necessitates that you do not have a pre-existing mental representation of the object, you are relying on the stimulus (the novel object) to guide your perception.
Seeing an object for the first time is an example of bottom-up processing
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Seeing a novel object for the first time.
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. Inferring that a car is driving down the street based on the sound it makes without actually seeing it.
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. Trying to identify a suspect in a police line-up.
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[3] => Array
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[each_answer] => D. Looking for your keys.
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[2] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 83407773
[question] => From a biological perspective, differences in perception are caused by differences in physiological features. If an individual lacked sensory adaptation, which of the following would be observed upon exposure to light?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Sensory adaptation is the ability to adjust your sensory perception based on changing stimuli.
In this example, the stimulus (light) is increased, and a normal response would attempt to reduce the perception of the light.
In order to reduce the amount of light entering the eye (and thus perceived by the individual), the pupil must constrict, the cones & rods also must both decrease in sensitivity to the light.
An individual with a lack of sensory adaptation would be unable to respond with constriction of the pupil.
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[each_answer] => A. No constriction of the pupil.
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[each_answer] => B. Decrease in sensitivity of rods to light.
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[each_answer] => C. Decrease in sensitivity of cones to light.
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[each_answer] => D. Constriction of the pupil.
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => Which of the following is not a Gestalt principle?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The law of similarity states that items that are similar are grouped together by your brain.
The law of pragnanz states that reality is organized or reduced to the simplest form possible.
The law of proximity states that objects near each other tend to be grouped together.
Thus, the law of equality is not one of the Gestalt principles.
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[each_answer] => A. The law of similarity
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[each_answer] => B. The law of equality
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[each_answer] => C. The law of pragnanz
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[each_answer] => D. The law of proximity
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[quiz_unique_key] => 574431310
[question] => What type of variable is “attractiveness” in this study?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
A confounding variable is a third variable that was not evaluated in the study.
An independent variable is manipulated, whereas a dependent variable is expected to change based on that manipulation.
In this study, facial symmetry was manipulated (and was the independent variable) and ratings of attractiveness were expected to change based on that manipulation.
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Independent variable
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[each_answer] => B. Dependent variable
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[each_answer] => C. Control variable
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[each_answer] => D. Confounding variable
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[558871|1] => D
[558871|2] => A
[558871|3] => A
[558871|4] => B
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