Health after trauma- correlates of PTSD
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- Health after trauma- correlates of PTSD
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Health after trauma- correlates of PTSD
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[post_date] => 2024-12-27 12:21:50
[post_date_gmt] => 2024-12-27 17:21:50
[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
A traumatic event is an experience that threatens a person’s sense of safety or stability, and often results in severe emotional, psychological, and physical distress. After the event occurs, individuals may continue to experience residual harm while trying to cope with their memories, and can develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a result. PTSD is characterized by repeated reliving of the event, in nightmares, flashbacks or intrusive thoughts. When reliving the trauma, the person may experience emotional or physiological symptoms of stress, like intense fear, increased heart rate, or shortness of breath. They also experience symptoms of hyperarousal like irritability, heightened startle response, difficulty concentrating, and insomnia. To manage their fears, they often avoid situations that remind them of their experience and attempt to suppress memories or thoughts about the trauma. This can lead to persistent negative thinking, feelings of guilt, and depressed mood.
The experience of PTSD can become severe and chronic, leading to other physical and psychological health problems. To gather more information about correlates of PTSD the electronic health records of 200 patients with PTSD were examined, with a focus on the relationships between PTSD, depression, obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. The results of their analysis are outlined in Table 1, which includes correlations among PTSD and other health problems.
Table 1
*Statistically significant at p<.05
[post_title] => Health after trauma- correlates of PTSD
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[question] => Some researchers believe that the part of the brain associated with emotion is responsible for the development of PTSD. What part of the brain is associated with how an individual manages emotions like fear?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The hypothalamus is associated with maintenance of homeostasis and hormone control.
The hippocampus is associated with memory.
The cerebellum is associated with voluntary movement, balance, and coordination.
The amygdala is considered the brain’s center for emotion.
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[each_answer] => A. Cerebellum
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[each_answer] => B. Hippocampus
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[each_answer] => C. Amygdala
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[each_answer] => D. Hypothalamus
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[1] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => According to the data outlined in Table 1, PTSD has the strongest significant correlation with which of the following health problems?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The correlation between diabetes and PTSD was not significant.
The strength of correlations is measured by how close the value is to 1 or -1.
Depression had the strongest correlation (0.72) with PTSD.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Depression
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[each_answer] => B. Diabetes
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[each_answer] => C. Heart disease
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[each_answer] => D. Obesity
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[quiz_unique_key] => 83407773
[question] => The data analyzed in this passage is taken from electronic health records. Which of the following is an ethical concern associated with the use of electronic health records for secondary research?
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Electronic health records are primarily used in diagnosis and treatment of illness. This study is considered secondary research because the records were not collected for research purposes.
Because the data was not originally intended for research purposes, there may be significant variability in how it was collected (if data collection is inconsistent or biased) and how complete the data is (if the individual did not remain in the same place for treatment). However, these are methodological concerns, not ethical concerns.
Because electronic health records are collected for treatment purposes and not research, it is not likely that individuals would have given consent, which is a huge ethical issue. The only way to ethically use their data is to remove all identifiable information from it.
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. The methods of data collection may not have been consistent across sites.
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. The data may not be complete if the patient sought treatment at another facility.
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[each_answer] => C. The patient may not have given consent for their records to be used for research purposes.
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[each_answer] => D. The individual who collected the data may have been biased.
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[3] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => Individuals with PTSD sometimes use deep breathing techniques to decrease their anxiety. Which type of operant conditioning does this describe?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
“Positive” refers to adding a stimulus.
“Negative” refers to removing a stimulus.
“Reinforcement” refers to increased frequency of a behavior.
“Punishment” refers to decreased frequency of a behavior.
The individuals are adding a treatment (the deep breathing technique) to decrease frequency of anxious thoughts (the behavior). This is positive punishment.
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Positive punishment
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[each_answer] => B. Negative reinforcement
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[each_answer] => C. Positive reinforcement
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[each_answer] => D. Negative punishment
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[question] => The act of repressing painful memories after a traumatic event is a key concept in which branch of psychology?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Repression is a defense mechanism.
Repression involves suppressing thoughts until they are no longer a part of a person’s conscious mind.
Repression is a key concept in theories from Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalytic theory.
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[each_answer] => A. Psychoanalytic
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[each_answer] => B. Behavioral
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[each_answer] => C. Cognitive
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[each_answer] => D. Biological
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