How similar are the personalities of twins?
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How similar are the personalities of twins?
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[post_date] => 2025-04-26 11:21:16
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Over the course of one decade, a continued observation of monozygotic and dizygotic twins, reared apart after being separated during infancy, sought to clarify the sources of human psychological differences. The study subjected 100 sets of raised-apart twins to 3 days of intensive physical and psychological assessment. In support of previous studies, the 3-day observation concluded an approximate 70% association of IQ variance with genetic variance in the separated monozygotic twin population. Other areas of significant similarity between reared-apart monozygotic twins and those reared together include: temperament, personality, occupational interest, and social attitudes.
A consolidated report related to personality is presented in the table below. These findings support the hypothesis that genetic variance affects psychological variance through the indirect influence of the environment surrounding development. Strong genetic influence of psychological and behavioral traits does not diminish the value of propaedeutic intervention including parenting and education.
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[question] => As environmental differences are more tightly controlled in a given population, the heritability of studied traits in that population is:
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
When environmental differences are controlled, they affect the trait variation less.
When less trait variation is attributable to the environment, more must be attributable to genetic variation.
The heritability of a trait increases as more trait variation is attributed to genetic variation.
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[each_answer] => A. Directed
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[each_answer] => B. Unaffected
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[each_answer] => C. Increased
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[each_answer] => D. Decreased
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[question] => According to the passage and table, the percentage of variance in extraversion that one might attribute to genetic variation is ___ (than) the percentage related to agreeableness.
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The percentage of trait variance that can be attributed to genetic variation is the heritability.
The table shows the heritability of extraversion to be 0.54, which is higher than the 0.42 heritability of agreeableness.
Therefore, the percentage of variance in extraversion that one might attribute to genetic variation is higher than the percentage related to agreeableness.
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[each_answer] => A. Higher
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[each_answer] => B. Lower
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[each_answer] => C. Equal to
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[each_answer] => D. Unrelated to
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => How would you characterize the method of genetic influence described?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
In addition to genes, the environment also influences behavior.
The passage states: “These findings support the hypothesis that genetic variance affects psychological variance through the indirect influence of the environment surrounding development.”
The method of genetic influence concluded by the passage is gene-environment interaction.
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[each_answer] => A. Gene-environment interactions
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[each_answer] => B. Shared environment effect
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[each_answer] => C. Socioeconomic interaction
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[each_answer] => D. Sex differences
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2377279144
[question] => On the basis of the passage and table, what would you estimate to be the heritability of intelligence?
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Heritability is conveyed as a percentage.
Heritability refers to the percentage of trait difference that is attributable to genetic difference.
The passage concludes, “an approximate 70% association of IQ variance with genetic variance”. Thus, the answer choice .61-.80 is the correct answer.
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[each_answer] => A. 0.21 – 0.40
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[each_answer] => B. 0.41 – 0.60
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[each_answer] => C. 0.61 – 0.80
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[each_answer] => D. 0.81 – 1.00
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[quiz_unique_key] => 83407773
[question] => What is the independent variable in studies of reared-apart monozygotic twins?
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Monozygotic twins are genetically identical.
Twins reared apart are subject to different environments.
The independent variable in reared-apart monozygotic twin studies is environment, because environment is uncontrolled and therefore independent.
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[each_answer] => A. Phenotypic traits
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[each_answer] => B. Genes
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[each_answer] => C. Environment
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