Increasing Sarah's self-efficacy: A case study
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Increasing Sarah's self-efficacy: A case study
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[ID] => 559518
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[post_date] => 2024-12-24 09:21:32
[post_date_gmt] => 2024-12-24 14:21:32
[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Sarah is a 21-year old college student who is distressed by her inability to form relationships with others and feels that she is generally unsuccessful in school and in life. She experiences high levels of anxiety in social and academic situations, and has trouble sleeping because of her tendency to ruminate. Her stress levels become unbearable and she decides to reach out for help. When she visits her college’s counseling center she is assigned to a therapist, Dr. Becker, who interviews Sarah extensively in the hopes of finding and resolving key issues in her life. The following is an excerpt from Dr. Becker’s clinical notes on Sarah’s condition.
“Sarah describes never fully developing trust in others, and states that she struggled with trust from a very early age. She is very skeptical of other people’s intentions, which she says causes problems when she tries to make friends. She is very timid and reserved in social situations. Sarah recently gave a class presentation in front of a large group of her peers. She was incredibly nervous and bit her nails excessively beforehand, even more than she usually does on a regular basis. Sarah describes feeling as though she lacked the capacity to give a good presentation, despite extensive preparation. She states that she felt that her level of interest in the behaviors, comments, thoughts, and performance of others was unhealthy. She compares her performance to the performance of her peers, and states that they were so good that she lost confidence in herself. Despite her feelings, she says she was able to get through the presentation and received a good grade from her teacher. She earned a 94% but feels that this is because the teacher was too lenient in grading, and it was mere luck that she received an A.”
Based on the interview, Dr. Becker concludes that Sarah suffers from low self-esteem, which translates into negative self-efficacy. Dr. Becker focuses her therapeutic efforts on improving these qualities.
[post_title] => Increasing Sarah's self-efficacy: A case study
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[quiz_unique_key] => 602779517
[question] => Imitation has been shown to be vital to our social development and self-identity formation. It has been studied in babies after birth as they exhibit imitation without a full concept of self-identity at that stage in their life. This may indicate that very early on, babies have a grasp of their bodies. What behavior would indicate something OTHER than true imitation?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
Imitation is exactly copying a behavior.
Imitation is not a reflex so the baby will still stick out their tongue even after the pacifier is taken out of their mouth
The baby should open their mouth after you open your mouth for that to be a true imitation.
If the baby sticks out their tongue after you open your mouth, then that may be as a result of conditioning or the baby simply being excited by your presence.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. A baby sticking out their tongue when they see you stick out your tongue
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. A baby sticking out their tongue after you open your mouth
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. Situations of imitation are seen between 12- 21 days after birth
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[each_answer] => D. A baby sticking out their tongue after you take out their pacifier after you stick out your tongue
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[quiz_unique_key] => 1403770772
[question] => What could help Sarah strengthen her self-efficacy or her belief in her capabilities?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
Sarah’s views can be shaped by those around her.
Identifying with a group of students in the class that are like her is good for her to increase her social interaction, but she mustn’t compare herself to them unfavorably.
A major source of self-efficacy is social persuasion by people giving verbal encouragement and positive feedback to overcome self-doubt.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Getting verbal encouragement from others and minimizing stress
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. Avoiding tasks that are challenging so success occurs more frequently
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. Increasing the number of social relationships she has
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[each_answer] => D. Identifying with a group of students in the class who are smart like her
)
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[2] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 1403770772
[question] => Freud believed that trust developed within the first year of a child’s life because of the mother’s attentiveness and care given to the baby. Freud would say Sarah had a conflict at this stage of development because she has characteristics of fixation. What would Freud be referring to:
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
Freud divided problems into critical stages in child development.
The oral focus of libido is based on problems in weaning a child off breast-feeding or formula.
The translation of fixation at this first stage in the psychosexual theory is biting fingernails later in life. Other possible behaviors are smoking and overeating since the fixation occurred at the oral stage and where libido was focused at the mouth.
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[each_answer] => A. Sarah has a low self-esteem
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. Sarah has difficulty making friends
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[each_answer] => C. Sarah doesn’t give herself credit for her achievement
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[3] => Array
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[each_answer] => D. Sarah bites her nails often
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[quiz_unique_key] => 1403770772
[question] => If Sarah was placed in a classroom environment each day with high achievers who constantly encouraged each other, each had self-confidence, and were extroverted, how might Sarah’s own self-identity change as a result of imitation and role expectations?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
Sarah’s behavior will change, and she will gain confidence in her own abilities.
Sarah will see that the people around her are similar to how she is and she will gain confidence in her abilities
Since everyone is encouraging and extroverted, she will develop similar traits over time as a result of this social influence
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. She will initially gain her own self-confidence but it will fade over time.
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. She will gain self-confidence and become extroverted over time as a result of understanding she is a high-achiever.
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[each_answer] => C. She will remain reserved and timid.
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[each_answer] => D. She will become much more confident and extroverted, but still won’t gain a high self-efficacy in her ability to get good grades.
)
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[4] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 1403770772
[question] => If Sarah has an internal locus of control, what would her thoughts about getting a 94% on a presentation be like?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
Sarah would not believe that external factors controlled her outcome.
An internal locus of control helps to increase self-efficacy and self-esteem
In this case, Sarah would be more likely to think that she worked hard and prepared well for the presentation. People with a greater internal locus of control are less depressed and pessimistic.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. She would believe that her grade was a reflection of her efforts.
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[each_answer] => B. She would believe that everyone received similar grades.
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. She would feel that she had a good instructor who was lenient with grades.
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[each_answer] => D. She would feel that luck played a large role in her grade.
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[559518|4] => B
[559518|5] => A
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