Information processing and the discovery of iconic memory
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- Information processing and the discovery of iconic memory
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Information processing and the discovery of iconic memory
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[post_date] => 2024-12-26 08:38:10
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
In 1960, Dr. George Sperling asked participants to recall a 4x3 group of letters flashed on a screen for less than a second. When instructed to recall as many letters as possible, most participants could only name the first four or five letters.
Dr. Sperling then asked another group to name only one of the rows. After they saw the image flash, he would randomly sound one of three tones. Sounding a high-frequency tone indicated that the participant should give the first line of letters; a medium-frequency tone indicated the middle row; and a low-frequency tone asked for the last row. If the tone was broadcast immediately after the image was flashed, the majority of subjects recalled all four letters. This marked the discovery of iconic memory, the visual form of sensory memory. Audible sensory memory (also known as echoic memory) lasts for several seconds.
Figure 1. Experimental setup for Dr. Sperling
Sensory memory is constantly processing enormous amounts of information from the world around you. What you pay attention to gets passed into working memory. This stage can be described in three major sections – the visuospatial sketchpad, the phonological loop, and the central executive. The sketchpad stores visual information, like a photograph, while the loop deals with words and numbers. The job of coordinating the two falls to the central executive – connecting an address you hear with a map that you see, for example.
[post_title] => Information processing and the discovery of iconic memory
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[questions] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 578908434
[question] => Why did Dr. Sperling used a tone to indicate the line of the row he wanted participants to recite?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The tones were part of the second round of the experiment.
Iconic memory is thought to last only a fraction of a second.
In order to test iconic memory, Dr. Sperling required a stimulus that was quick enough that the image would still be in participants’ heads.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. It was the clearest way to signal the question to multiple participants
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[1] => Array
(
[each_answer] => B. Dr. Sperling intended to study the connection between audio and visual cues
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. Asking verbally would take longer than iconic memory lasts
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[3] => Array
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[each_answer] => D. Using an audible cue helped trigger echoic memory
)
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[1] => Array
(
[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => Which is the best test of echoic memory?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Echoic memory is a form of sensory memory – it is very short-lived.
Echoic memory is an audible fragment of the information we are continually processing from the outside world.
Asking participants to identify whether two tones are identical is the best test of echoic memory.
)
[answers] => Array
(
[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Asking participants to provide the next line in a well-known song
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. Asking participants to summarize a story that was read to them
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[2] => Array
(
[each_answer] => C. Asking participants to identify whether two tones are identical
)
[3] => Array
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[each_answer] => D. Asking participants to sing the first line of their favorite song
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[2] => Array
(
[quiz_unique_key] => 83407773
[question] => Which of the following explains why we see movement in a flip-book or stop-motion animation?
[value] => Array
(
[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Flip-books and stop-motion animations are both series of still images flashed in front of the eyes in quick succession to create a moving image.
The central executive is responsible for coordinating the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop.
Iconic memory is a major part of change detection, and helps us notice the changes in each progressive image, turning it into a single moving picture.
)
[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
(
[each_answer] => A. Central executive
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[1] => Array
(
[each_answer] => B. Visuospatial sketchpad
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[2] => Array
(
[each_answer] => C. Echoic memory
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[3] => Array
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[each_answer] => D. Iconic memory
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[3] => Array
(
[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => If you drive by a stop sign and then try to recall it several minutes later, which are you using?
[value] => Array
(
[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Information passes through the sensory memory to the working memory.
A stop sign is a picture of a word.
The stop sign (a picture of a word) would first pass through the iconic memory, and then into a visuospatial sketchpad.
)
[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Iconic memory, then the visuospatial sketchpad
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. Echoic memory, then the visuospatial sketchpad
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. Echoic memory, then the phonological loop
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[3] => Array
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[each_answer] => D. Iconic memory, then the phonological loop
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[4] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 574431310
[question] => Which of the following is a technique used to increase the amount of information stored in working memory?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Many mnemonic techniques are focused on transferring information from working memory to long-term memory.
Semantic networks are like mental maps in our heads where we connect related concepts.
Chunking is the process of grouping information to reduce the number of “datums” stored, to allow for a greater amount of information to be stored in working memory. Ex: remembering TVFBIHPCBS as TV FBI HP CBS.
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[each_answer] => A. Chunking
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[each_answer] => B. Imagery
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[each_answer] => C. Self-referencing
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[3] => Array
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[each_answer] => D. Semantic Networking
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[558868|1] => C
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[558868|3] => D
[558868|4] => A
[558868|5] => A
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