Linguistic patterns of English and Navajo speakers
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- Linguistic patterns of English and Navajo speakers
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Linguistic patterns of English and Navajo speakers
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Cognition and language are intertwined, and it can be difficult to parse out how the one influences the other. In the Navajo language, verb endings express the shapes of objects, while English verb endings do not. A psychologist believes that this linguistic pattern would lead Navajo speakers to group objects differently than English speakers. To test this theory, she finds groups of 8-year-old children from the same community who primarily speak either English or Navajo and presents them with a blue rope. She asks them if they would rather place the blue rope with a yellow rope or with a blue stick. Table 1 outlines the results from study 1, and indicates the approximate percentage of each language group that placed the blue rope with each object.
The researcher decides to try to see what happens if the test is administered to younger participants, and conducts the same study with groups of 4-year old children from the same community who again primarily speak either English or Navajo, and asks them the same question. Table 2 outlines the results from study 2, and indicates the approximate percentage of each language group that placed the blue rope with each object.
[post_title] => Linguistic patterns of English and Navajo speakers
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[question] => The researcher decides to ask a participant from study 2 why she chose to place the blue rope with the yellow rope. The child replies, “The ropes are best friends and the blue rope was sad without the yellow rope!” The child also mentions that she doesn’t understand why anyone would choose to put the blue rope with the blue stick. Based on her statement and information from the passage, what stage of Piaget’s cognitive development is this child mostly likely in?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Piaget’s stages are organized by skills and by age groups.
The children in study 2 were all 4 years old.
The child is giving the rope human characteristics, and cannot understand another person’s viewpoint.
The child is most likely in the preoperational stage, which ranges from 2-7 years old and is featured by animism, the tendency to give non-human objects human characteristics. She is also exhibiting egocentrism, or the tendency to focus on her own thoughts & emotions.
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[each_answer] => A. Preoperational
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[each_answer] => B. Formal operational
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[each_answer] => C. Sensory motor
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[each_answer] => D. Concrete operational
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[1] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => In study 1, the psychologist makes sure that all the children, whether they speak English or Navajo, grew up in relatively similar environments on the same reservation. What is she attempting to do by taking this step?
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Generalizability refers to how well the results can apply to other populations. If the researcher uses data from groups of individuals that are very similar, she is decreasing generalizability.
Internal validity refers to how strong the cause and effect relationship is in the study. The researcher would take steps to increase internal validity, not decrease it.
Different home environments or reservations could introduce cultural variability, which may affect children’s attention to shape and/or color.
A confounding variable is something that varies across conditions that the experimenter does not intend to manipulate. By making sure environments are similar, the researcher is controlling a potential confound.
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[each_answer] => A. Decrease internal validity
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[each_answer] => B. Increase generalizability
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[each_answer] => C. Control confounding variables
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[each_answer] => D. Form a control group
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[2] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => Another psychologist believes that the Navajo language developed special shape-related verb endings because shape was initially very important to that tribe; thus, their thought patterns about shape determined how their verb endings developed. This psychologist probably belongs to what school of thought?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The Whorfian hypothesis is that language determines thought.
This psychologist supports the idea that thought determines language.
Universalists believe that thought determines language.
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Social interactionism
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[each_answer] => B. Linguistic relativity
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[each_answer] => C. Whorfian
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[each_answer] => D. Universalism
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2377279144
[question] => Based on the results from study 1, the researcher concludes that for older children, the Navajo language must be influencing their other cognitive processes. Which school of thought does this conclusion support?
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Nativists and Universalists share beliefs about the relationship between thought and language.
Universalists/Nativists believe that thought processes are universal to all human beings, outside the influence of language.
The idea that language influences thought belongs in the category of linguistic determinism.
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[each_answer] => A. Social interactionism
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[each_answer] => B. Linguistic relativity
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[each_answer] => C. Linguistic determinism
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[each_answer] => D. Universalism
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[question] => The researcher conducts both studies again with rigorous recruitment standards, and finds similar results for both age groups. What do her results suggest about her method for testing cognition and language?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Reliability refers to the consistency of a test.
Validity describes how well the test measures what it is supposed to measure, and whether external variables are controlled for.
The researcher has tried to rigorously control for external effects, and has reproduced her results – this indicates that the test has reliability and validity.
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[each_answer] => A. Her test could be unreliable and invalid.
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[each_answer] => B. Her test could be both reliable and valid.
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[each_answer] => C. Her test could be reliable, but not valid.
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[each_answer] => D. Her test could be valid, but not reliable.
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