Marriage and family preferences
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Marriage and family preferences
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[post_date] => 2024-12-26 19:31:10
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
A group of sociologists interested in family dynamics decide to investigate marriage. In their work, they define marriage as a socially, religiously, or governmentally approved interpersonal relationship. They also state that marriage is a permanent, contractual agreement and includes rights and obligations that are unique and specific.
To further understand family and marriage dynamics the group of researchers first examine existing data, based on surveys that were administered once a year from 1936 to 2011. Around 6,000 random married individuals were polled annually (equal number men and women), and the surveys include questions about marriage beliefs, personal patterns of behavior in marital relationships, family values and preference, satisfaction in marriage, etc. The survey polls couples across all socioeconomic strata. Some results are shown below. In Figure 1, the graph depicts the percentage of individuals who prefer larger families or prefer smaller families over time.
Figure 1: Percentage of individuals who prefer larger or smaller families over time
Based on the same data, the researchers looked at the most recent 5 years to evaluate whether married women in recent years have children. Results below show surveyed married women ages 40-44 with no kids, by ethnic group and by education level.
Figure 2: Percentage of married women ages 40-44 with no kids, by race and education.
From those respondents, the sociologists also conducted in-depth case studies of married couples. The interview questions are similar to the surveys, but allow participants to divulge more information and explain their responses.
Source: Henslin, J. M. (2015). Essentials of sociology: A down-to-earth approach. Pearson.
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[question] => Every respondent in the study strongly agreed with the following statement on one of the questionnaires. “Marriage between a parent and a child is morally wrong and reprehensible.” In addition, individuals from the case study called a marriage between a parent and child “incestuous,” “disgusting,” and “unacceptable in any circumstance.” If a person were to marry their child, according to the respondents in the study, which type of norm would most likely be violated?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Folkways do not have any serious consequences.
This is a moral belief that is universally shared.
Though this type of relationship is likely illegal, not all laws produce moral outrage to this extent.
A taboo is a social or religious custom prohibiting a particular practice.
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[each_answer] => A. Folkway
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[each_answer] => B. Taboo
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[each_answer] => C. Law
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[3] => Array
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[each_answer] => D. More
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[1] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => According to Figure 1, which of the following observations is correct?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The preference for small families has increased over time.
There was a sharp increase in the 1970s in the preference of smaller families.
More individuals have preferred smaller families since 1973.
If 6000 people were polled in 2011, that means 6000*58%=3480 individuals polled that year preferred smaller families.
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. More individuals have preferred larger families since 1973.
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[each_answer] => B. If 6000 people were polled in 2011, that means 3480 individuals polled that year preferred smaller families.
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[each_answer] => C. There was a sharp decrease in 1973 in the preference of smaller families.
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[each_answer] => D. The preference for small families has decreased over time.
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[quiz_unique_key] => 83407773
[question] => According to Figure 2, which of the following observations is correct?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Except for PhDs, the more education women have, the less likely they are to have children.
The percentage for each ethnic group and education level is freestanding and not compared to a baseline group.
Among various ethnic groups, White American married women ages 40-44 have the highest percentage of childlessness.
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Compared to White Americans, Asian Americans are 16% more likely to be childless.
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. For all levels of education, the more education women have, the less likely they are to have children.
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[each_answer] => C. Childlessness among married women ages 40-44 varies by ethnic group with whites representing the extreme.
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[each_answer] => D. Compared to high school dropouts, those who finished college are 24% more likely to be childless.
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => A group of researchers want to further examine why individuals now prefer smaller families over larger ones. In particular, they are interested in how women’s changing perceptions of work have influenced family size preferences. Which of the following is correct regarding the research design?
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The researchers want to study how women’s changing perceptions of work have influenced their family size preferences
They are interested in the variations in family size preference, large or small. So family size preference is the outcome or dependent variable.
Women’s changing perceptions of work is the independent or explanatory variable that explains family size preference, the dependent variable.
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Small family is the independent variable, large family is the dependent variable.
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[each_answer] => B. Women’s changing perceptions of work is the independent variable, preference is the mediating variable, family size is the dependent variable.
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. Women’s changing perceptions of work is the independent variable, family size preference is the dependent variable.
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[each_answer] => D. Large family is the independent variable, small family is the dependent variable.
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[quiz_unique_key] => 574431310
[question] => When looking more deeply at the data on marital infidelity, the sociologists find that even when respondents felt cheating was not normal or acceptable behavior, they were more likely to cheat on a partner themselves if they had close friends or family members that had cheated in a relationship. Which theory of deviance best describes this phenomenon?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Collective Behavior only applies to deviance that occurs in large groups of individuals.
The deviant behavior is not associated with any culturally acceptable goal.
Differential Association stresses the importance of relationships and whom we choose to associate with.
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Differential Association
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[each_answer] => B. Collective Behavior
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[each_answer] => C. Strain Theory
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[each_answer] => D. Labeling Theory
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