Observing patients in a sleep clinic
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- Observing patients in a sleep clinic
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Observing patients in a sleep clinic
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Sleep is an essential bodily process that can have disastrous effects on a person’s ability to function if it is disrupted. Individuals who have sleep dysfunction often need to seek out specialized treatment from sleep clinics, which are designed in such a way that studies can be performed on the sleep cycles of patients who are experiencing any variety of symptoms. The patients commit to sleeping in the lab for at least one entire night; while they are in the lab they are connected to machines that monitor their breathing and heart rate. In addition, doctors place electrodes on certain parts of each patient’s scalp so that an electroencephalogram (EEG) can monitor the patient’s brainwaves. The electrodes must remain in place all night to capture the full range of brain activity, from waking stages to deep sleep. For different patients, however, doctors may focus on a particular pattern of activity or a particular stage of sleep. One sleep center’s patient data is outlined in Table 1.
Table 1
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[question] => What type of brainwave is most likely to be absent from Patient Q’s EEG?
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[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Beta waves most frequently occur during awake, alert states
When someone has to constantly rouse herself during sleep, she is not able to enter the deepest stage of sleep
Delta waves are present in the deepest stage of sleep
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[each_answer] => A. Delta
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[each_answer] => B. Beta
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[each_answer] => C. Alpha
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[each_answer] => D. Theta
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => Patient K has reported that she is unable to sleep through any type of noise. Given this symptom, which of the following brainwave patterns would you expect?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Delta waves are common during deep sleep
K-complexes indicate that someone is suppressing outside stimuli
If Patient K cannot suppress outside noise, it is unlikely that she would show K-complexes
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[each_answer] => A. Very few K-complexes
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[each_answer] => B. High-amplitude theta waves
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[each_answer] => C. Mostly delta waves
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[each_answer] => D. A high frequency of sleep spindles
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => What disorder does Patient Q most likely have?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
People with insomnia are usually aware that they have trouble sleeping
Narcolepsy occurs when people have intense bouts of sleepiness and cannot keep themselves awake
Sleep apnea occurs when people stop breathing periodically during the night
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[each_answer] => A. Sleep apnea
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[each_answer] => C. Insomia
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[each_answer] => D. Sleep deprivation
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2377279144
[question] => Six months later, Patient Q’s initial problem has been solved, but now her husband reports that she is sleepwalking. Why would this problem only surface after her initial disorder was treated?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Sleepwalking tends to occur more frequently in children than in adults
Her initial disorder caused her to wake up frequently and prevented her from entering the deepest stage of sleep
Sleepwalking normally occurs in N3, which is the deepest stage of sleep
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[each_answer] => A. Sleepwalking tends to be more frequent as people get older
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[each_answer] => B. The treatment for her initial disorder frequently causes other problems, such as sleepwalking
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[each_answer] => C. It is a fluke; there is no connection between the disorders
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[each_answer] => D. She was not initially entering the sleep stage in which sleepwalking would normally occur
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[quiz_unique_key] => 83407773
[question] => What conclusion can the doctors draw from the pattern they observed when monitoring Patient B?
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Delta waves are more common during Stage 3 sleep
Brainwaves cannot usually predict how well someone will remember his/her dreams
Beta waves are most common during an alert state of consciousness
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[each_answer] => A. Patient B’s dreams were extremely vivid
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[each_answer] => B. Patient B experienced mostly Stage 3 sleep
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[each_answer] => C. Patient B was awake most of the night
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[each_answer] => D. Patient B experienced mostly REM sleep
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