Physiological needs and pregnancy
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Physiological needs and pregnancy
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[post_date] => 2024-12-26 19:28:30
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
The physiological processes of the human body are controlled by mechanisms that seek to maintain homeostasis. When the body is not in a state of balance, we are motivated to take action that brings us back to a homeostatic state. For example, physiological cues of hunger motivate eating behaviors, while sexual cues motivate reproduction.
The brain couples motivation, needs, and physiological processes, and regulates them through automatic and unconscious mechanisms. For example, females are physically able to carry a child for nine months before birth. From the age of puberty to menopause, women have monthly menstrual cycles that prepare them for bearing a child. Before ovulation, small amounts of estrogen are secreted from the ovary. Estrogen stimulates the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus and consequently leutinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. LH release into the bloodstream also causes the release of additional estrogen, which again works to increases GnRH and LH levels in the blood. After ovulation, the corpus luteum in the ovary secretes progesterone since the LH levels are high. Progesterone is able to inhibit GnRH and LH production from the brain when those levels of hormones are too high in the blood.
When this cycle is not in harmony, women can experience issues with infertility. Annie, a thirty five year old female, visits her gynecologist with concerns about her ability to have children. After interviewing Annie, her doctor becomes concerned about her stress levels. She asks Annie to track her monthly cycle for six months using an at-home fertility kit, and stop into the office on the sixth cycle day of each month to provide a salivary cortisol sample and complete a written stress test. Annie’s written stress test scores at each point are outlined in Table 1; scores closer to 100 indicate extreme stress levels. She finds that Annie’s salivary cortisol levels are also significantly higher than normal rates at each assessment point.
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[question] => Based on Annie’s stress test results, her gynecologist suggests making significant changes to her day to day life. She tells Annie to start practicing meditation and to take frequent light walks throughout the day. Her gynecologist believes in the Yerkes-Dodson law and feels that if Annie is more calm, her ability to conceive will improve. What is Annie’s gynecologist trying to promote?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Psychological homeostasis is a balance between cognitions and beliefs.
Annie’s gynecologist is trying to improve Annie’s body’s readiness for pregnancy.
Arousal is the extent to which your body is prepared for an activity. If arousal is too high, then a person cannot perform. Annie’s doctor is trying to help Annie to become more calm, and find an optimum level of arousal so that she can conceive.
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[each_answer] => A. An optimum level of estrogen
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[each_answer] => B. An optimum level of psychological balance
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[each_answer] => C. An optimum level of eustress
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[each_answer] => D. An optimum level of arousal
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => What type of regulatory mechanism is exhibited by the high levels of progesterone acting on the GnRH and LH from the brain?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
It is a type of feedback mechanism.
There is inhibition of GnRH and LH release into the bloodstream.
When the levels of GnRH and LH become too high in the blood, the progesterone, secreted as a result of GnRH and LH must act back on those hormones to inhibit further secretion and maintain a control amount of each hormone in the blood at a time.
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[each_answer] => A. Negative feedback
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[each_answer] => B. Positive feedback
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[each_answer] => C. Suppression
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[each_answer] => D. Homeostasis regulation
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[question] => If the level of LH were low, what would be prompted to occur?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
This would be a positive feedback mechanism
Think about what needs to trigger LH to be secreted
During ovulation, the ovaries secrete estrogen, which triggers the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH and anterior pituitary to secrete LH.
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[each_answer] => A. Positive feedback of LH on progesterone
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[each_answer] => B. Negative feedback of progesterone on estrogen secretion
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[each_answer] => C. LH release into the bloodstream
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[each_answer] => D. Estrogen would stimulate the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus
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[question] => Hunger is another motivation that has a physiological basis. The brain is able to detect levels of sugar to release insulin or glucagon into the bloodstream. The ventromedial hypothalamus is able to maintain homeostasis throughout the day by recognizing fullness or satiety by the presence of which hormone?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Think about the two hormones involved with maintaining proper blood sugar.
This hormone is released when there is a high amount of sugar in the blood
Insulin will be released at satiety because there will be high amounts of glucose in our blood which need to be lowered by insulin.
Leptin also has a role in signaling satiety, but remember that leptin is a signal of long term energy homeostasis and doesn’t play a big role in your feelings of hunger and satiety on a daily basis. The satiety you feel after eating a meal is primarily due to the effects of insulin. Therefore, insulin is the correct answer.
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[each_answer] => A. Insulin
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[each_answer] => D. Ghrelin
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[question] => According to the Hierarchy of Needs theory, what need is Annie probably trying to fulfill by having a baby?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Annie’s needs are centered around her desire to have a family and love a child.
Physical needs are things like food, water, and air.
Esteem needs are related to the need for status, respect, and a good reputation.
Annie’s need to have a child is related to belonging needs, which include the need to be a part of a family, and to give and receive love.
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[each_answer] => A. Self-actualization needs
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[each_answer] => B. Physiological needs
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[each_answer] => C. Esteem needs
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[each_answer] => D. Belonging needs
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