PTSD and apoptosis
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- PTSD and apoptosis
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PTSD and apoptosis
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[post_date] => 2024-12-26 11:15:23
[post_date_gmt] => 2024-12-26 16:15:23
[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder related to trauma that can develop after exposure to serious harm or threat of serious harm. PTSD may stimulate the affected individual to re-experience and react to the experience for years. Many studies have linked PTSD to impaired hippocampal function, citing a correlated decrease in hippocampal volume in those affected. This volume depression has been associated with apoptosis in the hippocampus.
Apoptosis is the genetically controlled response of cells to intrinsic and environmental factors that results in the orderly and clean destruction of unorthodox cells.
Many intrinsic pathways for apoptosis have been studied including activation of the defensive response by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER is an intracellular organelle charged with the synthesis and maturation of the cell surface, maintenance of Ca++ homeostasis, and secretion of proteins. Disrupted ER function can induce accumulation of unfolded proteins and the subsequent unfolded protein response (UPR). Prolonged stress to the ER leads to UPR initiated apoptotic cell death. This pathway is supported by the UPR induced change in molecular chaperone (GRP78) production. In response to a single-prolonged-stress (SPS), GRP78 expression is initially increased to protect the ER against apoptosis, but if the ER is unable to find reprieve from the stress, as is the case in the recurrent stress of PTSD, GRP78 expression begins to decline signaling the induction of the apoptotic pathway.
This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 1, which highlights GRP78 decline beginning
4 days after termination of the single prolonged stress in rats with PTSD.
Figure 1
[post_title] => PTSD and apoptosis
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[question] => According to the figure above, which day (post SPS) would most likely be associated with ER induction of the apoptotic pathway?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
According to the passage, induction of the apoptotic pathway correlates with diminishing GRP78 production.
According to the figure, GRP78 production appears to peak 4 days post stressor.
The only answer that falls into the category of post-peak-production is day 5. For that reason, it is the most correct answer.
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[each_answer] => A. 1
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. 2
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => The passage and figure best support which of the following estimated optical densities of GRP78 for post SPS day 8?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Post SPS day 8 would be associated with further decreasing GRP78 optical density.
On day 7, the optical density is 0.8.
The only answer choice that is less than 0.8 is answer 0.6.
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[each_answer] => A. 0.6
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[each_answer] => B. 0.8
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[each_answer] => C. 1.0
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[each_answer] => D. 1.2
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[2] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => The recurrent acute stress experience associated with PTSD would most probably manifest in which physiological symptom?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The stress reaction is associated with the fight-or-flight response.
In the fight-or-flight response, peripheral blood vessels clamp down to push blood to the core, the heart beats faster, and the airway dilates to allow greater respiration.
Bronchodilatation refers to the increased diameter of airways in the lung, which correlates with the fight-or-flight response.
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[each_answer] => A. Bronchoconstriction
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[each_answer] => C. Bradycardia
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[each_answer] => D. Vasodilatation
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2377279144
[question] => The hippocampus of a rat experiencing severe PTSD would be expected to display which finding?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
According to the passage, PTSD is associated with hippocampal atrophy.
Atrophy is associated with a decrease in size and function.
The hippocampus normally has a lot of glucocorticoid receptors. Atrophy of the hippocampus would be associated with decreased glucocorticoid receptors.
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[each_answer] => A. Increased volume
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[each_answer] => B. Decreased rate of apoptosis
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[each_answer] => C. Increased mass
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[each_answer] => D. Decreased glucocorticoid receptors
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[question] => Which of the following is NOT a positive coping mechanism for those affected by PTSD?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The question is asking for the answer choice that is a negative coping mechanism.
Three of these answer choices were shown to be positive coping mechanisms in the “managing stress” video.
Rumination is the only negative coping mechanism listed.
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[each_answer] => A. Perceived control
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[each_answer] => C. Social support
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[each_answer] => D. Optimism
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[post_title] => PTSD and apoptosis
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