Race, socioeconomic status, and nutrition
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- Race, socioeconomic status, and nutrition
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Race, socioeconomic status, and nutrition
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[ID] => 558498
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[post_date] => 2024-12-25 13:35:50
[post_date_gmt] => 2024-12-25 18:35:50
[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Significant dietary and nutritional differences can be found among racial and socioeconomic groups in the United States. These nutritional behavioral differences are the foci of many studies since they contribute to racial disparities in the incidence and prevalence of chronic disease and premature morbidity.
Using survey data of over 60,000 participants collected by the US Department of Agriculture, Study 1 compared the dietary trends among 32,406 Black and White nonpregnant adults (18 years or older) of varying socioeconomic status (SES). The primary outcome was the score (0-16) on the Diet Quality Index (DQI), a composite of eight food-and-nutrient-based recommendations from the National Academy of Sciences, including areas such as “eating 5 or more servings daily of vegetables and fruits” and “limit total daily intake of sodium to 2400 mg or less”. For each recommendation a person could score 0-2, according to specified intake amounts. A total score of 4 or less was considered to indicate a more healthy diet, and a value of 10 or more indicates a relatively less healthy diet.
Categories of SES were based on education and income. Respondents with over 12 years of education and an income level over 350% of poverty level were categorized as “high SES”, and those with less than a high-school education and income less than 185% were classified as “low SES”. Three time periods were taken into account: 1965 ( I ), 1977-1978 ( II ), and 1989-1991 ( III ), to observe trends over time. Table 1 displays some results.
More recently Study 2 adjusts for SES, and directly explores the association between race and nutrition. Using data from the 1993-1999 California Dietary Practices Survey, a researcher examines the differences between the nutritional behavior of Blacks and Whites (n=3,350). The researcher attempts to observe whether Blacks differ significantly from Whites in terms of health-related nutritional behaviors that have established associations to the development of heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes. The results indicate that, even within the same SES group, Whites are more likely, on average, to exhibit healthy nutritional behaviors such as the consumption of at least five fruits, dairy products, high fiber cereals, lowfat dairy products, and avoiding the consumption of deep-fried foods and snacks (statistically significant). However, for categories such as “consuming wholegrain products” or “consuming beans” no significant differences were found among the two racial groups in the same SES groups.
Sources: Adapted from Popkin, B.M., Siega-Riz, A.M. & Haines, P.S. (1996). A Comparison of Dietary Trends among Racial and Socioeconomic Groups in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 716-720. Bahr, P.R. (2007) Race and nutrition: an investigation of Black-White differences in health-related nutritional behaviors. Sociology of Health and Illness, 29(6), 831-856.
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[question] => According to Table 1, which of the following is true?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The lower the DQI score, the better the diet.
For each SES group, the average DQI score decreased over time.
Across both Blacks and Whites of each SES group in each time period, the DQI score decreased, indicating an increase in dietary quality.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. On average among Blacks, those in the low SES group had less healthy dietary behavior compared to those in the medium SES group across all time periods.
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[each_answer] => B. Differences in the mean DQI score according to race and SES have widened over time.
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[each_answer] => C. Comparing Blacks and Whites in low and medium SES groups, the proportion of Blacks with poor diet quality exceeded that of Whites in each time period.
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[each_answer] => D. Dietary quality improved over time for both Blacks and Whites across all socioeconomic status.
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[1] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => Consider the results from both Study 1 and Study 2. Assuming statistical significance for all findings presented, which of the following conclusions is best supported?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
In Study 2, the researcher does not examine actual disease outcomes, only nutritional behaviors believed to be associated with diseases.
There is not enough information in Study 2, to conclude that there are differences among rich and poor Whites in health behaviors.
In Study 1, the mean DQI score for Whites in the low SES group is lower than the mean DQI score for Whites in the high SES group, indicating a higher-quality diet.
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. In Study 1, results indicate that on average, poor Whites have better dietary behaviors than rich Whites.
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[each_answer] => B. In Study 2, the researcher shows that Blacks are more likely to have heart disease compared to Whites due to the lack of positive dietary behaviors.
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[each_answer] => C. In Study 2, the researcher finds that poor Whites have better diets than rich Whites.
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[each_answer] => D. In either study, no health-related racial disparities were found.
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[2] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 83407773
[question] => If another researcher finds that strong social support among Whites explains positive health behavior, which of the following is correct?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
An independent variable is the explanatory variable.
Social support is an independent variable since it explains varying health outcomes.
Since social support explains health behavior, health behavior is the outcome or dependent variable.
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[each_answer] => A. Race is the independent variable, social support is the dependent variable.
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[each_answer] => B. Health behavior is the independent variable, race is the dependent variable.
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[each_answer] => C. Social support is the independent variable, race is the dependent variable.
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[each_answer] => D. Social support is the independent variable, health behavior is the dependent variable.
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[3] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => Socioeconomic gradients in health can be best explained by which of the following basic concept
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Socioeconomic gradients have to do with the distribution of inequalities in the social system.
Social gradients in health refer to how inequalities in population health are related to inequalities in social status.
Socioeconomic gradients in health are an aspect of social stratification (how people are categorized into rankings of socioeconomic tiers).
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[each_answer] => A. Class consciousness
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[each_answer] => B. Social exclusion
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[each_answer] => C. Intersectionality
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[each_answer] => D. Social stratification
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[quiz_unique_key] => 574431310
[question] => To further understand how SES influences health behavior and outcomes, we must think about the processes in which health outcomes occur. Which of the following is NOT a causal mechanism through which SES may affect health outcomes?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
A causal mechanism in sociology refers to the processes or pathways through which an outcome is brought into being (why or how it happened).
There is a causal mechanism leading from x (SES) to y (health outcomes).
SES leading to mental health issues (health outcome) is not a causal mechanism because it does not provide an explanation of the process or path.
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. A person with lower SES is less likely to have social support or capital that would protect against mental health diseases.
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[each_answer] => B. A person with higher SES is less likely to be exposed to bad environmental conditions that contribute to diseases.
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[each_answer] => C. A person with higher SES has more resources to buffer health threats.
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[each_answer] => D. A person with lower SES is more likely to have mental health issues.
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[558498|1] => D
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[558498|3] => D
[558498|4] => D
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