Sensory adaptation Weber's Law
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Sensory adaptation Weber's Law
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-6)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Why is it that in a quiet room, a person simply has to whisper in order to communicate with someone, while at a rock concert, they need to yell as loudly as possible to convey a message? Auditory receptors are able to change sensitivity to a stimulus, which is called sensory adaptation. With regard to hearing, continuous loud sound cause a small muscle attached to one of the bones of the inner ear to contract, reducing the transmission of sound vibrations to the inner ear, where the vibrations are detected. This protective mechanism does not work well for sudden very loud noises such as rifle shots, as the muscle does not have time to contract before the intense vibrations pass through. In a quiet room, the muscle attached to the inner ear is relaxed, producing the ability to hear very low intensity sounds. The ratio of how loud a stimulus must be in order to hear it corresponds linearly with the background intensity, which is known as Weber’s Law. Weber’s Law can be expressed as the following:
Weber’s Law is named after E.H. Weber, who in 1834 realized that the ratio of the increment threshold to the background intensity is constant. This works with sound as well — in a noisy room, you need to yell in order to be heard, while in a quiet room, you can whisper to be heard.
tactile stimuli revealed a relationship between the background intensity and the difference threshold; this relationship is depicted in Figure 1. Background intensity corresponded to the weight, in ounces, of a small marble placed on the palm of an individual, and the difference threshold corresponded to the amount of extra weight (in ounces) needed in order for the individual to recognize that any weight was added.
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[question] => If half a pound had to be added to a 20-pound weight in order for someone lifting the weight to recognize that extra weight has been added, what is the just noticeable difference?
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[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The just noticeable difference is the incremental threshold for detecting a difference between two stimuli.
In this case, the just noticeable difference would be the difference between the new weight and the starting weight.
20.5 pounds – 20 pounds = 0.5 pounds
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[each_answer] => A. 0.25 pounds
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[each_answer] => B. 0.5 pounds
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[each_answer] => C. 0.6 pounds
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[each_answer] => D. 0.75 pounds
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[question] => Which of the following perceptual organizational principles provides information about depth?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Motion parallax, or relative motion, is another monocular cue. When you are moving, objects closer than your point of visual focus move in the direction opposite to you, while objects beyond your focus point move in the same direction.
Relative height is a monocular cue that provides information about distance. Objects higher are perceived to be further away than those lower.
Retinal disparity is a binocular depth cue that gives you a slightly different view of the same object and contributes to depth perception.
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[each_answer] => A. Shape constancy
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[each_answer] => B. Motion parallax
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[each_answer] => C. Relative height
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[each_answer] => D. Retinal disparity
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[question] => If an individual has to make a judgment regarding the distance of a traffic light on a foggy morning, which of the following theories attempts to explain how the judgment is made?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Weber’s Law states that the ratio of the increment threshold to the background intensity is constant.
Gestalt principles seek to explain how we perceive things the way we do.
Signal detection theory attempts to measure how we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty (judging distance of a traffic light in the fog).
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[each_answer] => A. Gestalt principles
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[each_answer] => B. Bismarck’s theory
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[each_answer] => C. Weber’s Law
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[each_answer] => D. Signal detection theory
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => What would be the relationship of the difference thresholds for a 2-ounce weight versus a 5-ounce weight?
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[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
A heavier weight would result in a larger absolute difference threshold than a lighter weight.
The relative ratio between the difference thresholds of a light versus a heavy weight would be equal according to Weber’s law.
Since it would likely take more weight added to the 5-ounce weight in order for an individual to recognize that there was a change in weight, the absolute difference threshold for a 5-ounce weight is greater than that of a 2-ounce weight.
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[each_answer] => A. The 5-ounce weight would have a bigger absolute difference threshold than a 2-ounce weight.
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[each_answer] => B. The 5-ounce weight would have a bigger relative difference threshold than a 2-ounce weight.
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[each_answer] => C. The 5 ounce weight would have a smaller relative difference threshold than a 2 ounce weight.
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[each_answer] => D. The 5-ounce weight would have a smaller absolute difference threshold than a 2-ounce weight.
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[question] => Which of the following is not a monocular cue?
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[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Relative size is a monocular cue that allows us to infer distance. If two objects are similar in size in the real world, the one that casts a smaller retinal image is perceived to be further away.
Interposition is a monocular cue that allows us to infer position. If one object is blocking another, it is perceived as being closer.
Motion parallax, or relative motion, is another monocular cue. When you are moving, objects closer than your point of visual focus move in the direction opposite to you, while objects beyond your focus point move in the same direction. Retinal disparity is a binocular depth cue.
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[each_answer] => A. Motion parallax
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[each_answer] => B. Relative size
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[each_answer] => C. Interposition
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[each_answer] => D. Retinal disparity
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2522974796
[question] => Would the experimenter be able to draw any real-world conclusions from his study?
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Research studies should, in general, have both a control and an experimental group.
There is usually a baseline level of activity present that must be accounted for.
Since the baseline level of activity was not accounted for, it is very difficult to draw any meaningful conclusions from the data.
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[each_answer] => A. Yes; it is not necessary to account for the baseline level of activity that must be surpassed to feel a tactile stimulus.
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[each_answer] => B. Yes; Weber’s Law holds true for all types of stimuli.
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[each_answer] => C. No; it is necessary to account for the baseline level of activity that must be surpassed to feel a tactile stimulus.
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[each_answer] => D. No; Weber’s Law only holds true for auditory stimuli.
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