Simultaneous hermaphroditism, egg trading, and the Prisoner...
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Simultaneous hermaphroditism, egg trading, and the Prisoner...
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[post_date] => 2024-12-28 16:50:01
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Researchers utilize models to simulate interactions in complex systems. Game theory is the application of mathematical models to predict the behavior of individuals or groups in real world scenarios. One such game is the Prisoner’s Dilemma. In the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, each player may cooperate with the preceding move or not cooperate. Not cooperating is termed defecting. A successful strategy in this game was determined to have four properties: niceness (the strategy begins by cooperating), provokability (if the player cooperated and the other player defects, the first player will defect in the next round), forgiveness (resumed cooperation when the opponent cooperates), and a clear and predictable strategy.
There are many strategies, which are employed by players in the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Tit-for-Tat begins by cooperating and then responds in each subsequent round with the opposing player’s previous move. Grim Trigger also begins with cooperation; however, once the opponent has defected, the player defects the rest of the game. A pure strategy, such as cooperate unconditionally or defect unconditionally, occurs when a player performs the same move regardless of the move of the other player.
One application of game theory is mating behavior. Fish of the species Serranus tortugarum, the chalk bass, are simultaneous hermaphrodites, producing both male and female gametes. The mating behavior, egg trading, can be modeled as an iterated two-person Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Although the player moving first is random, in nature the last fish to make a courtship display releases eggs. Production of eggs requires more resources; however, fertilization is external and planktonic (dispersed widely). This drastically reduces the impact of kin selection. Cooperation is a release of eggs or sperm, while defection is the failure to release eggs or sperm. The synchronization of mating based on a common external reference rather than the active decisions of two individuals, or the church-clock fallacy, does not adequately describe the mating behavior displayed. Desertion, as a retaliatory action for defection, is not permitted, since this would end the game.
[post_title] => Simultaneous hermaphroditism, egg trading, and the Prisoner’s Dilemma
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[question] => Which of these strategies would a chalk bass, who defects on the first round, be employing?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
A strategy of cooperating unconditionally would not defect, regardless of the other player’s actions.
Tit-for-Tat requires that the player begin the game cooperating.
The Grim trigger also requires that the game is begun cooperating with the other player.
Defect unconditionally is the only strategy listed which begins the game defecting.
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[answers] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Cooperate unconditionally
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[each_answer] => B. Tit-for-Tat
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[each_answer] => C. Grim trigger
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[each_answer] => D. Defect unconditionally
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[1] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => Tit-for-Tat is an extremely successful strategy in the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Which of these properties must the tit-for-tat strategy display for this success?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
A successful strategy in the Prisoner’s Dilemma game is predictable and comprehensible by the other player.
A successful strategy in the Prisoner’s Dilemma game begins by cooperating.
A successful strategy in the Prisoner’s Dilemma game is forgiving and resumes cooperation when the opponent cooperates.
Tit-for-tat is easily provokable and will retaliate if the other player defects.
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[each_answer] => A. Tit-for-tat begins by alternating between cooperating and defecting.
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[each_answer] => B. Tit-for-tat is easily provokable and will retaliate if the other player defects.
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[each_answer] => C. Tit-for-tat is ruthless. A player will continue to defect to punish the other player for defecting.
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[each_answer] => D. Tit-for-tat is unpredictable. By making irrational moves, the strategy of the player is concealed.
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[2] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 83407773
[question] => Which of these scenarios could be explained by the church-clock fallacy?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The church-clock fallacy describes an error in attribution.
The church clock fallacy is the mistaken attribution of the synchronization of mating based on a common external reference rather than the active decisions of two individuals.
Mating is based on synchronization with an external source.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. The tit-for-tat strategy out competes a strategy of unconditional cooperation.
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[each_answer] => B. Mating is based on synchronization with an external source.
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[each_answer] => C. After multiple defections by its partner, a bass utilizing a Grim trigger deserts the game.
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[each_answer] => D. Chalk bass have to spend more resources producing eggs than sperm.
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => What is the strategy employed by Player 1? (C – cooperate, D – defect)
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Defect unconditionally is the only strategy listed which begins the game defecting.
The Grim trigger requires that the game is begun cooperating with the other player; however, once the opponent has defected, the player defects the rest of the game.
Tit-for-Tat requires that the player begin the game cooperating and continue by reciprocating the action taken by the other player the previous round.
Tit-for-Tat
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[each_answer] => A. It is not possible to determine the strategy.
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[each_answer] => B. Grim trigger
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[each_answer] => C. Defect unconditionally
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[each_answer] => D. Tit-for-Tat
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[quiz_unique_key] => 574431310
[question] => Why is it more advantageous for a chalk bass to release sperm, rather than eggs?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Chalk bass reproduce through external reproduction.
Chalk bass reproduce planktonically, widely dispersing fertilized eggs away from the area where they were spawned.
The bass that released the eggs must spend more resources to produce the eggs than sperm.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. The bass that released the eggs must spend resources to care for the young.
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[each_answer] => B. The bass that released the eggs must spend more resources to produce the eggs than sperm.
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[each_answer] => C. The bass that released the eggs must spend resources to gestate the young.
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[each_answer] => D. The bass that released the eggs must spend fewer resources to produce the eggs than sperm.
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