Smoking cessation and behavioral change
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Smoking cessation and behavioral change
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[post_date] => 2024-12-26 19:29:13
[post_date_gmt] => 2024-12-27 00:29:13
[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
The relationship between behavior and attitudes is complex, but most information on the constructs suggests that their relationship is reciprocal; attitudes can shape behavior, and behavior can shape attitudes. Because behavior and attitudes are so powerfully intertwined, people generally strive for consistency between what they feel and what they do, because inconsistency leads to discomfort. Consistency between attitudes and behaviors is especially relevant when psychologists try to induce behavioral change; if a person believes that their behavior is maladaptive or has negative consequences, they are more likely to change their actions.
A psychologist wants to see if there are differences in the effectiveness of three widely-used smoking cessation programs, including a group dissonance-based program, a group based religious twelve step program, and an individualized treatment plan that follows the traditional stages of change model. He recruits 90 individuals who are current smokers, assesses their baseline levels of cigarettes smoked per day, and randomizes 30 smokers to each treatment condition. Each program meets weekly for a total of 2 months. The smokers are asked to report how many cigarettes they smoke per day at the last session of their program, and again a month after they completion of the program. Table 1 outlines average number of cigarettes smoked per group at each assessment point. In addition, at each assessment point participants were asked to describe their experiences in treatment.
[post_title] => Smoking cessation and behavioral change
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[question] => Which of the following would be the most effective exercise to induce dissonance in the dissonance program?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Dissonance is induced when a person becomes aware of the inconsistencies between their behavior and attitudes.
Admitting to addiction and surrendering to a higher power is a typical exercise for a 12-step program.
The act of watching a video is passive and might not lead to behavioral change.
Publicly speaking about the negative effects of smoking is a behavior that would directly challenge their current attitudes about smoking. This would probably induce dissonance.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. The smokers admit they are addicts and surrender themselves to a higher power.
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. The smokers are told to watch a video at home about living with lung cancer.
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. The smokers are asked to try deep breathing exercises instead of smoking.
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[each_answer] => D. The smokers give a speech to the group about the negative effects of smoking.
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[1] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => Based on the data from Table 1, if a therapist was interested in harm reduction instead of abstinence, what treatment model would he choose?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Abstinence means a complete cessation of the behavior of interest.
Harm reduction strategies intend to decrease the negative effects of a health behavior.
A harm reduction strategy, in terms of cigarette smoking, might seek to reduce the overall number of cigarettes smoked over time.
The program that reduced the overall number of cigarettes over time (but did not require abstinence) used the individual stages of change model.
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[each_answer] => A. Twelve step program model
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[each_answer] => B. Individual stages of change model
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[each_answer] => C. Group counseling model
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[each_answer] => D. Dissonance program model
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[2] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 83407773
[question] => What does randomization allow the researcher to assume?
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Generalizability of results can be assumed when samples are randomly selected out of a larger group of individuals. These individuals were not randomly selected, they were randomly assigned.
Random assignment does not have an effect on treatment characteristics.
Randomization ensures baseline equivalencies between groups. By randomly assigning, researchers can assume that the groups are not significantly different in the behavior of interest.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Predictive validity of the treatments
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. Equivalency in treatment characteristics between groups
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. Baseline equivalency in smoking behaviors between groups
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[each_answer] => D. Generalizability of results and ability to make inferences
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => One smoker from the twelve step treatment stated that while he was in the program he was influenced by the sobriety of those around him and felt he had to comply with the no smoking standards, but once the group was over he started smoking again, because he really didn’t believe smoking was hurting him or that quitting completely was the right decision. What likely influenced his decision to start smoking again?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Normative beliefs, or a smoker’s perception of social normative pressures not to smoke, probably led to his cessation while in the program.
Perceived behavioral control, or how easy or difficult a person believes quitting smoking will be, was not mentioned as a factor in the smoker’s decision to quit or to start smoking again.
In this case, subjective norms are a smoker’s perception about smoking – because he didn’t believe quitting completely was important, he began smoking again.
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Perceived behavioral control
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[each_answer] => B. Classical conditioning
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[each_answer] => C. Normative beliefs
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[each_answer] => D. Subjective norms
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2377279144
[question] => One smoker from the individual treatment plan stated that before the study began, she had felt ambivalent about quitting smoking, and said that the pros of quitting were about equal to the cons of quitting smoking. She felt like she might be ready to quit within the next 2 months. According to the transtheoretical model, what stage of change was the smoker experiencing?
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Smokers in the action stage would have quit smoking.
Smokers in the preparation stage would be actively forming a plan to quit within the next few weeks.
Smokers in the precontemplation stage would be unaware that their smoking was problematic.
Smokers in the contemplation stage would be aware that their smoking was problematic, but may not be ready to change. She was likely in contemplation before the program began.
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[each_answer] => A. Action
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[each_answer] => B. Precontemplation
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[each_answer] => C. Contemplation
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[each_answer] => D. Preparation
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[559246|1] => D
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[559246|3] => C
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