Social conflict theory in an historical context
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Social conflict theory in an historical context
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[post_date] => 2024-12-25 13:45:01
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
In early 1215, embittered English noblemen rebelled against King John. Though successful, they realized they had no acceptable replacement for the king. Instead, they forced the monarch to sign the Magna Carta; this document limited the power of the monarchy and protected the rights of the freemen. This was one of the first times citizens were able to check the monarchy’s power.
In 1920 Calcutta, Mohandas Gandhi called for the public to rise up against British rule in a non-cooperation movement that swept the country. Indian factories closed, people shunned institutions sponsored by the Raj system, English-manufactured goods were boycotted. Though independence didn’t come to India for decades, this movement marked a turning point in the opposition to British rule – the first time it was a movement of the masses.
Almost fifty years later, in Greenwich, NYC a series of violent riots erupted as the gay community retaliated against a police raid. At the time, being homosexual in America was a dangerous prospect, both legally and socially. Police would often raid establishments trying to ferret out any sign of homosexuality. In 1969, the fear and tension came to a head in an outburst that rocked the nation. The Stonewall Riots changed the way the US saw homosexuality, inspiring the creation of major gay rights groups, as well as a national dialogue.
At the turn of the century, researchers examined the link between social context and drug use in the US. Conflict theory maintains that more chronic drug users are found in circumstances of lower social capital, e.g., lower social classes and disorganized neighborhoods. To test this assumption, the scientists looked at urinalysis results of arrestees and compared opiate and cocaine use to structural-disadvantage factors and social-control factors (factors that deter social deviance).
Table 1 outlines the correlation between social context and positive drug test in arrestees. The odds ratio describes how much more likely a positive cocaine/opiate urinalysis becomes when the social control factor is increased.
Table 1
Though these events are separated by time, space, and circumstance, they share a common theme. Each time, a society’s status quo couldn’t hold, and led to a conflict, which then forced a change. Sociologists can look at such events through the lens of conflict theory, an approach which tries to understand how society deals with conflicting viewpoints.
Data adapted from:
Lo, Celia C. (2003). An application of social conflict theory to arrestees' use of cocaine and opiates. Journal of Drug Issues, 237-266
[post_title] => Social conflict theory in an historical context
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[question] => Which of the following statements about conflict is true?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
“Improvement” is a subjective term that is nearly impossible to define in certain situations. Sociology attempts to remain free from bias, and not label situations in this manner.
While conflict can be abrupt and violent, it does not have to be either – consider a country electing a new party into office after being disappointed with the previous 4 years.
Conflict happens when there is a power difference between groups, often in the form of social or economic inequality resulting from competition for limited resources.
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[each_answer] => A. It arises from competition for limited resources
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[each_answer] => B. It can be eradicated completely
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[each_answer] => C. The status quo after conflict is an improvement over the status quo leading to the conflict
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[each_answer] => D. It is an abrupt, violent process
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[1] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => A sociologist using the symbolic interactionism approach would most likely ask which question?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Symbolic interactionism considers how individuals interact with their environment and society.
In particular, symbolic interactionism holds that reality is a social convention that society agrees upon.
Symbolic interactionism would be interested in how the public’s perception of and feelings towards homosexuality changed following the Stonewall Riots.
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[each_answer] => A. How did the Stonewall Riots change the way the US viewed homosexuality?
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[each_answer] => B. Would the Indian independence movement be the same if Gandhi had had a different upbringing?
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[each_answer] => C. How did the signing of the Magna Carta change the role of the nobility in 13th century England?
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[each_answer] => D. Did the boycott have lasting effects on the consumption and distribution of goods and services in India?
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[2] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 83407773
[question] => According to the data in Table 1, which factor has the highest probability of testing positive for cocaine or opiates?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The data in Table 1 shows the odds of testing positive for cocaine or opiates as that factor increases.
If something increases by a factor of less than 1, it decreases.
The “White” characteristic had the lowest probability. This means that its inverse, being “non-White”, is the strongest indicator.
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[each_answer] => A. Not having graduated from high school / not having a GED
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[each_answer] => B. Being White
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[each_answer] => C. Having graduated from high school / having a GED
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[each_answer] => D. Being non-White
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[question] => What is the anti-thesis in the Stonewall Riots example?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
In conflict theory, the thesis describes the initial environment, the status quo.
The anti-thesis is the reaction to the thesis, the push-back from those unhappy with the status quo.
The police raid was an attempt to maintain the status quo, to which the riots were the response, or anti-thesis.
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[each_answer] => A. The police raid on the Stonewall Inn
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[each_answer] => B. The riots that erupted due to the raid
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[each_answer] => C. The homophobic environment of the ‘50s and ‘60s
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[each_answer] => D. The new civil rights groups that emerged after the riots
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[question] => The English noblemen had to choose a course of action after their rebellion. Which approach would they have predominantly used?
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Conflict theory could tell the noblemen that the status quo would change, it would not be a useful framework for figuring what that change would be.
Since they had no obvious replacement for King John, the noblemen had to examine other options for affecting change.
Exchange-rational choice theory believes that decisions are made by rational beings who have weighed all aspects of the problem, and who then proceed to make the rational choice.
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[each_answer] => A. Conflict theory
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[each_answer] => B. Functionalism
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[each_answer] => C. Exchange-rational choice theory
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[each_answer] => D. Social constructionism
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