Social norms and deviant behavior
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Social norms and deviant behavior
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[post_date] => 2024-12-25 07:44:33
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Social order is fundamental for every society. Social order is a group's typical and customary social arrangements, which members of society base their actions on. Social “norms” lay out the basic guidelines for the roles we should play and how we interact with others. There is a reciprocal expectation between people within the group regarding such norms. Any deviance from these “norms” is perceived as threatening to the existing social order and social structure. In a sense, crimes are the violation of norms, written into laws and regulations. This is part of the system of social control that societies have developed, which encompasses formal (e.g., laws) and informal means (e.g., peer pressure) of enforcing norms. Overall, what is considered “normal” and “deviant” is largely socially interpreted. A group’s definition of an act, and not the act itself, determines whether it would be considered deviant. What is considered normal in one society may be considered deviant in another.
Since norms are based on shared expectations and shared definitions within a society, social norms can be extremely resistant to change. For example, UNICEF reports that globally, 1.1 billion people practice open defecation which greatly impacts public health. Historically, interventional programs tended to target individuals or households and focused on providing latrines. However, recently UNICEF has taken a “social norms” approach, engaging entire communities and local leadership, emphasizing participation, using non-monetary rewards such as pride and celebration instead of subsidies. A successful example includes Zambia, where sanitation coverage increased from 38 to 93 percent across 517 villages in a mere 12 months.
Source: UNICEF Community Approaches to Total Sanitation (2009).
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[question] => The principle that an individual’s norms and actions should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own cultural context is called:
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
“Right” and “wrong” behavior are culture-specific; what is considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in another.
In other words, moral or immoral behavior is relative, and depends on cultural contexts.
Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual human’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture.
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Cultural boundaries
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[each_answer] => B. Cultural sensitivity
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[each_answer] => C. Cultural relativism
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[3] => Array
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[each_answer] => D. Cultural interpretation
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[quiz_unique_key] => 1403770772
[question] => Social norms are hard to change because of the reciprocal expectations of people within the same society. The most appropriate method of studying these interactions and the “key nodes” in these groups would be:
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
This method helps delineate social relationships and social interactions.
Nodes represent individuals in a group or network, and key nodes represent individuals who exert stronger influence.
Social network analysis helps us identify community ties and key members within communities that are crucial to understanding channels of attitude and behavior change.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Macro sociological analysis
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. Micro sociological analysis
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. Social network analysis
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[each_answer] => D. Survey analysis
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[quiz_unique_key] => 1403770772
[question] => In one of the UNICEF’s open defecation pilot communities, a community member said: “Toilet is more than a necessity. It’s a pride.” Which of the following sociological concepts best reflects the concept behind this quote?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
The toilet here is more than an object, it has meaning attached.
The toilet is viewed no longer as a mere necessity, but as a symbol of pride.
Symbolic interactionism highlights the processes through which humans interact with objects that take on particular symbolic meanings.
)
[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Economic rationalism
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. Symbolic interactionism
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[each_answer] => C. Normative behavior
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[each_answer] => D. Cultural relativity
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[3] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 1403770772
[question] => Which of the following is correct regarding the sociological explanation of deviance?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
Genetic predispositions and behavioral characteristics are mainly biosocial explanations of deviant behavior.
Personality disorders and subconscious motives are predominantly psychological explanations of deviance.
Sociologists look outside the individual at external influences to explain deviant behavior.
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Genetic predispositions lead people to behaviors such as juvenile delinquency and crime.
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[each_answer] => B. Personality disorders explain the behavior of deviating individuals, and subconscious motives drive people to deviance.
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[each_answer] => C. External influences “recruit” people to break norms.
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[each_answer] => D. Women pass on genes for more empathy, greater self-control, and less risk-taking, so as a result, women engage in less-deviant behavior compared to men.e
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[question] => How would functionalists explain deviance?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
Functionalists point out that deviance, including criminal acts, is functional for society.
Societal functions include affirming norms and promoting social unity and social change.
According to functionalism, societies socialize their members into desiring “shared” cultural goals. Many people are unable to achieve these goals in socially acceptable ways. Deviants are people who give up on their goals or use disapproving means to attain them.
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[each_answer] => A. People learn to deviate by associating with others.
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[each_answer] => B. The group in power imposes its definitions of deviance on other groups, so “bad behavior” is really defined by a set group of power elites in the justice system.
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[each_answer] => C. Everyone is propelled toward deviance but most of us conform because of an effective system of social control.
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[each_answer] => D. Societies socialize their members to desire cultural goals, however, some are not able to achieve these goals in socially acceptable ways. Deviants are people who give up on these goals or use unacceptable means to attain them.
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[559527|1] => C
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