Reason for Correct Answer:
The lower the SES, the higher the risk of psychiatric disorders.
The highest SES quartile is the reference group.
The “1.00” indicated in the table means that the highest SES quartile is the reference or baseline group, and other SES quartiles are compared to the highest SES group. This does not mean they are not subject to psychiatric disorders.
According to the results shown in Table 1 (assuming statistical significance), which of the following is NOT supported?
A. There is an inverse relationship between SES and psychiatric disorders.
B. Those at the highest SES quartile are not subject to psychiatric disorder risks.
C. The rate for “any disorder” was almost 3 times higher at the lowest SES quartile compared to the highest SES quartile.
D. Schizophrenia occurs almost 8 times more frequently for those at the lowest SES quartile compared to those at the highest SES quartile.
A population-based study is a study of an analysis of the population on a large scale.
Microsociology focuses on individual social agency while macrosociology focuses on larger collectivities or groups of people.
Therefore a study such as the ECA uses the macrosociological approach.
A population-based study such as the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA) is an example of what kind of sociological approach?
A. Social constructionism
B. Macrosociology
C. Microsociology
D. Functionalism
Any hypothesized factor must be temporally prior to their assumed effects.
The hypothesized factor here is the “mediating factor of psychological response to stress”.
Psychological response to stress (hypothesized factor) was assessed after the outcome of interest (psychiatric disorders), so the dependent variable is temporally prior to the measurement of the independent variable.
Researchers want to determine whether psychological responses to stress also contributes to risks of mental illness. To test this, a random sample of people with psychiatric disorders are drawn from the ECA and later given a stress evaluation. What is the problem with this research design?
A. The sample should not be random. Those most at risk for psychiatric disorders should be selected.
B. The independent variable is temporally prior to the measurement of the dependent variable.
C. The dependent variable is temporally prior to the measurement of the independent variable.
D. Since everyone sampled has a psychiatric disorder, the updated research design contains too little variation to draw reliable conclusions.
The community-based studies show unequal distribution of resources depending on the neighborhood.
This inequality depending on area or location impacts health outcomes such as mental disorders.
Spatial inequality is the unequal amounts of resources and depending on the neighborhood, and correspondingly the different levels of mental health risks.
In the earlier community-based studies mentioned above, it was found that those who lived in “socially disorganized” neighborhoods were more likely to have mental illnesses due to environmental stressors, high crime rates, or scarcity of social resources. This type of uneven distribution of resources by neighborhood can be referred to as:
A. Intersectionality
B. Social reproduction
C. Relative poverty
D. Spatial inequality
These studies of mental illness perceptions show that people have prejudices toward individuals with psychiatric disorders.
This type of prejudice foster discrimination towards those with mental health issues.
This type of discrimination is an example of stigmatizing attitudes or social stigma.
Some studies of mental illness perceptions show that other members of society find those who have psychiatric disorders dangerous, hard to communicate with, or that their substance abuse is self-inflicted. In other words, the mentally ill are labeled as “different”, and therefore distinguished from other social groups. This is an example of:
A. Relative deprivation
B. Self-fulfilling prophecy
C. Social stigma
D. Conflict theory
