Socioeconomic status and mental illnesses
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Socioeconomic status and mental illnesses
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[ID] => 559538
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[post_date] => 2024-12-25 11:51:36
[post_date_gmt] => 2024-12-25 16:51:36
[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
In early studies of the links between socioeconomic status (SES) and mental illness, researchers found associations between the social and economic characteristics of residential areas and rates of first admission into mental hospitals for illnesses such as schizophrenia, manic-depressive disorder, psychosis, and drug addiction. Mental disorders, they found, were all concentrated in and around relatively undesirable and “socially disorganized” residential areas.
A large population-based study in the US attempted to further evaluate in detail the relationship between SES and psychiatric disorders. The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA) is the largest community mental health survey conducted in the US. Almost 20,000 adults in five communities were interviewed, and the prevalence and incidence of specific psychiatric disorders in samples of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized persons were estimated. Table 1 shows the distribution of select psychiatric disorders by SES in the ECA. The analyses used a composite SES measure which combined rank orderings based on education, occupation, and household income. “Any disorder” is a composite that includes all major mental disorders including major depression, alcohol abuse and dependence, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, antisocial personality, etc. The table presents the odds ratios from logistic regression models, adjusted for age and gender, for the lowest, second, and third SES quartiles, compared to the highest quartile. The value of 1.00 in the last column indicates that the highest SES quartile serves as the reference category. An odds ratio greater than 1.0 indicates a higher prevalence of that disorder for those in the specified category relative to those in the reference category.
Table 1: Odds ratios for psychiatric disorders (in the last 6 months) by socioeconomic status, Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (n=18,572)
Asterisk indicates reference category. Adjusted for age and sex.
Data adapted from: Aneshensel, C. S., Phelan, J. C., & Bierman, A. (1999). Handbook of the sociology of mental health. Academic Plenum Publishers.
[post_title] => Socioeconomic status and mental illnesses
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[question] => According to the results shown in Table 1 (assuming statistical significance), which of the following is NOT supported?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
The lower the SES, the higher the risk of psychiatric disorders.
The highest SES quartile is the reference group.
The “1.00” indicated in the table means that the highest SES quartile is the reference or baseline group, and other SES quartiles are compared to the highest SES group. This does not mean they are not subject to psychiatric disorders.
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[each_answer] => A. There is an inverse relationship between SES and psychiatric disorders.
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[each_answer] => B. Those at the highest SES quartile are not subject to psychiatric disorder risks.
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. The rate for “any disorder” was almost 3 times higher at the lowest SES quartile compared to the highest SES quartile.
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[each_answer] => D. Schizophrenia occurs almost 8 times more frequently for those at the lowest SES quartile compared to those at the highest SES quartile.
)
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[1] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 1403770772
[question] => A population-based study such as the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA) is an example of what kind of sociological approach?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
A population-based study is a study of an analysis of the population on a large scale.
Microsociology focuses on individual social agency while macrosociology focuses on larger collectivities or groups of people.
Therefore a study such as the ECA uses the macrosociological approach.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Social constructionism
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[each_answer] => B. Macrosociology
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[each_answer] => C. Microsociology
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[each_answer] => D. Functionalism
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[2] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 1403770772
[question] => Researchers want to determine whether psychological responses to stress also contributes to risks of mental illness. To test this, a random sample of people with psychiatric disorders are drawn from the ECA and later given a stress evaluation. What is the problem with this research design?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
Any hypothesized factor must be temporally prior to their assumed effects.
The hypothesized factor here is the “mediating factor of psychological response to stress”.
Psychological response to stress (hypothesized factor) was assessed after the outcome of interest (psychiatric disorders), so the dependent variable is temporally prior to the measurement of the independent variable.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. The sample should not be random. Those most at risk for psychiatric disorders should be selected.
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[each_answer] => B. The independent variable is temporally prior to the measurement of the dependent variable.
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[each_answer] => C. The dependent variable is temporally prior to the measurement of the independent variable.
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[each_answer] => D. Since everyone sampled has a psychiatric disorder, the updated research design contains too little variation to draw reliable conclusions.
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[quiz_unique_key] => 1403770772
[question] => In the earlier community-based studies mentioned above, it was found that those who lived in “socially disorganized” neighborhoods were more likely to have mental illnesses due to environmental stressors, high crime rates, or scarcity of social resources. This type of uneven distribution of resources by neighborhood can be referred to as:
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
The community-based studies show unequal distribution of resources depending on the neighborhood.
This inequality depending on area or location impacts health outcomes such as mental disorders.
Spatial inequality is the unequal amounts of resources and depending on the neighborhood, and correspondingly the different levels of mental health risks.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Intersectionality
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. Social reproduction
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[each_answer] => C. Relative poverty
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[each_answer] => D. Spatial inequality
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[4] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 1403770772
[question] => Some studies of mental illness perceptions show that other members of society find those who have psychiatric disorders dangerous, hard to communicate with, or that their substance abuse is self-inflicted. In other words, the mentally ill are labeled as “different”, and therefore distinguished from other social groups. This is an example of:
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
These studies of mental illness perceptions show that people have prejudices toward individuals with psychiatric disorders.
This type of prejudice foster discrimination towards those with mental health issues.
This type of discrimination is an example of stigmatizing attitudes or social stigma.
)
[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Relative deprivation
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. Self-fulfilling prophecy
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. Social stigma
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[each_answer] => D. Conflict theory
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