Stress responses and the endocrine system
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- Stress responses and the endocrine system
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Stress responses and the endocrine system
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[post_date] => 2024-12-26 19:25:29
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
The world offers a variety of stressors to its inhabitants, and as humans, we respond to our stressful world through an internally coordinated response, often referred to as behavior.
Stress that is physical in nature might result in tissue damage, eliciting pain stimuli that are transmitted to the median eminence of the hypothalamus. Once it has been stimulated, the hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) into the hyphophyseal portal system. CRH then stimulates the production of adrenocorticopic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary. This cascading reaction results in the rapid rise in circulating cortisol. Mental stress has also been shown to rapidly increase ACTH secretion. Scientists believe this is the result of increased activity in the limbic system, namely the hippocampus and amygdala, which signal the medial hypothalamus in response to stimulation.
To further examine the impact of stress, a researcher decides to investigate the levels of blood corticosterone (the physiological equivalent of cortisol in rats) in rats who have experienced a physiological stressor, tibia and fibula fracture. Figure 1 outlines one rat’s corticosterone levels following the fracture.
Figure 1
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[question] => What effect do increasing levels of thyroid hormone have on oxygen consumption rates in tissue?
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[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Oxygen plays an integral role in cellular respiration.
Rates of oxygen consumption in cellular respiration are directly related to rates of metabolism in the body, a process controlled by the hormones of the thyroid gland.
The thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄) play an integral role in metabolism. Increased cellular respiration (a method of aerobic metabolism) would result in increased rates of oxygen consumption.
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. The rates decrease.
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[each_answer] => B. The rates increase.
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[each_answer] => C. It is impossible to determine.
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[each_answer] => D. The rates remain unchanged.
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[quiz_unique_key] => 3873426850
[question] => What is the most characteristic effect of the hormone Vasopressin?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Another name for Vasopressin is ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone)
By preventing diuresis, vasopressin enables the retention of water in the body.
Vasopressin is also known as ADH or Anti-Diuretic Hormone; it acts to increase water retention by the kidneys and to increase peripheral vasoconstriction.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Polydipsia
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[1] => Array
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[each_answer] => B. Increased circulating fluid volume
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[each_answer] => C. Low blood pressure
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[3] => Array
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[each_answer] => D. Polyuria
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[2] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 2261298308
[question] => What term describes the tendency of a system to maintain internal stability through the complex and coordinated response of its parts in response to variations in the environment?
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Evolution is the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
Physiology is the study of living systems, but does not specifically capture the concept of “maintaining internal stability”.
Homeostasis is the tendency of a system to maintain internal stability through the complex and coordinated response of its parts in response to variations in the environment
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[question] => Which of the following would be most likely to increase in response to an increased production of cortisol due to stress?
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[answer] => 2
[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
Cortisol release can be stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
The body responds to stress by initiation of the “fight or flight” response.
One characteristic stress response in our body is the “fight or flight” response initiated by the sympathetic nervous system. Increased blood pressure is most likely to increase in the classic “fight or flight” response.
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[answers] => Array
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Defense against Infection
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[each_answer] => B. Blood pressure
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[each_answer] => C. Pupil constriction
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[each_answer] => D. Digestive enzyme secretion
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[question] => What is the dependent variable described by the experiment?
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[description] => Reason for the Correct Answer:
The dependent variable is graphed as a function of the independent variable.
Time is not dependent (independent of) the response of the rat to physiological or mental stress.
The dependent variable in this experiment is corticosterone concentration, which is indicated on the y-axis (vertical axis) and is graphed as a function of the independent variable, time. Corticosterone concentration is ultimately dependent on experimental conditions.
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[each_answer] => A. Physiologic stress
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[each_answer] => C. Mental stress
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[each_answer] => D. Time
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