Urban growth models
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Urban growth models
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[post_date] => 2024-12-24 09:40:02
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[post_content] => Practice Passage (Question 1-5)
*This passage is the property of Khan Academy and has been reformatted into an AAMC-style interface in their entirety by MedLife Mastery. MedLife Mastery does not endorse and is not an affiliate of Khan Academy.
Urban ecologists examine how people adapt to their environments. They focus on the social context (environment) and the spatialization of modern behavior. For them, the form of the city is the result of “natural” growth—expansion, immigration, succession, etc. Below (Figure 1) are three models of urban growth developed by urban sociologists in the US. In general, a city grows from the center, then outwards. Different sectors/zones in city are the result of the convergence of these social forces. In Model A, Zone 1 is the central business district (CBD). Zone 2 is a transitional area containing rooming houses and deteriorating housing which breed poverty, disease, and vice. Zone 3 is the area thrifty workers have moved in order to escape the transitional Zone 2 yet maintain convenient access to their work. Zone 4 contains more expensive apartments, hotels, single-family home, etc. Commuters live in Zone 5 which consists of suburbs or satellite cities that have popped up around transportation routes.
In Model B, concentric zones can contain different sectors, one of working-class homes, another of expensive housing, and one of businesses, etc., all competing for the land. With immigrants settling in lower-rent areas, the population spills over to adjacent areas. In Model C, a city may have several centers of “nuclei”. Each nucleus contains a specialized activity—such as clusters of fast-food restaurants or retail districts. Areas with similar activities cluster together to draw consumers, or because land-use is similar in adjacent areas.
These sociologists acknowledged that no city perfectly fits these ideal models, with geography, development of transportation, innovated business models, cities are becoming increasingly diverse. For example, in the 1970s, the “growth machine” theorists emerged, arguing that instead of “natural processes”, urban growth is driven by a coalition of interest groups who all benefit from continuous growth and expansion. For them, the growth of cities is a social phenomenon.
Source: Henslin, J. M. (2015). Essentials of sociology: A down-to-earth approach. Pearson.
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[question] => The urban growth model in which the city divides itself into wedges, with some wedges being more attractive than others, is called:
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[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
Model B demonstrates that concentric zones can contain different sectors, one of working-class homes, another of expensive housing, and one of businesses, etc., all competing for the land.
These sectors are divided into wedges
The urban growth model in which the city divides itself into wedges, with some wedges being more attractive than others, is called the sectoral model.
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[each_answer] => A. Sectoral model
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[each_answer] => B. Concentric-zone model
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[2] => Array
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[each_answer] => C. Edge city model
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[each_answer] => D. Multiple-nuclei model
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[1] => Array
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[quiz_unique_key] => 1403770772
[question] => In Model A (Figure 1), what is Zone 2 most likely to have?
[value] => Array
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
Zone 2 is a transitional area containing rooming houses and deteriorating housing which breed poverty, disease, and vice.
Rooming houses in Zone 2 came from formerly wealthy housing that had deteriorated.
Zone 2 is most likely to contain formerly wealthy homes split into cheap apartments after original wealthy residents moved out to avoid the area.
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[answers] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. Formerly wealthy homes split into cheap apartments
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[each_answer] => B. Commuter homes of the wealthy
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[each_answer] => C. Industrial center
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[each_answer] => D. Edge city
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[quiz_unique_key] => 1403770772
[question] => What does urban ecology theory address?
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[answer] => 1
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
Urban ecology studies focus on the social context (environment) and the spatialization of modern behavior.
Urban ecologists focus on how people adapt to their environments.
Urban ecology studies the relationship between humans and their environment.
)
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[0] => Array
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[each_answer] => A. The relationship between humans and their environment
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[each_answer] => B. The relationship between humans and technology
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[each_answer] => C. The relationship between humans and nonhuman species
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[each_answer] => D. The relationship between humans and social change
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[quiz_unique_key] => 1403770772
[question] => Which of the following is NOT a critique of the urban growth models in Figure 1?
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[answer] => 3
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
The three urban growth models were developed in the US in the 1920s-1940s.
The three urban growth models represent the “natural” growth of cities and does not account for urban planning.
The three urban growth models DO address the movement of people, and how/why people move from the central cities to the city’s periphery or outskirts.
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[each_answer] => A. These models do not account for developing nations: In least industrialized nations, the wealthy live in central business districts where fine dining and housing are located.
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[each_answer] => B. The models do not account for urban planning: European cities have laws that preserve green belts (trees and farmlands) around the city, impacting the natural growth of cities.
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[each_answer] => C. These models do not account for movement: we do not know how people and services move from the central cities to the city’s periphery or outskirts.
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[each_answer] => D. These models are time-bound: Medieval cities that developed around a castle or lords would not fit these models.
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[quiz_unique_key] => 1403770772
[question] => The clustering of specialized areas in a multiple nuclei city (Model C) can be best informed by which of the following sociological theory?
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[answer] => 4
[description] => Reason for Correct Answer:
Functionalism is a perspective in sociology which sets out to interpret society as a structure with interrelated parts.
Sectors in the urban growth models demonstrate different specializations or functions of urban districts.
The clustering of specialized areas in a multiple nuclei city (Model C) can be best informed by functionalism.
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[each_answer] => A. Conflict theory
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[each_answer] => B. Symbolic interactionism
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[each_answer] => C. Social stratification
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[each_answer] => D. Functionalism
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